"Geology is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical objects, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time."
The study of the Earth's physical structure, composition, and history, and the processes that have shaped its surface.
Plate tectonics: The study of movement and interaction of the Earth's lithosphere plates.
Mineralogy: The study of minerals and their properties.
Petrology: The study of rocks and their formation.
Sedimentology: The study of sedimentary rocks, their deposition and the processes that led to their formation.
Stratigraphy: The study of rock layers, their chronology and the relationship between them.
Geochronology: The study of determining Earth's age and the ages of rocks, minerals, and other geologic materials.
Geophysics: The study of the Earth's physical processes, from the atmosphere to the mantle and core.
Geochemistry: The study of the chemical processes that shape the Earth and the materials within it.
Geomorphology: The study of landforms and the processes that form them.
Volcanology: The study of volcanoes, their formation, and their eruptions.
Seismology: The study of earthquakes and the internal structure of the Earth.
Paleontology: The study of fossils and the history of life on Earth.
Oceanography: The study of oceans, their physical and biological processes and their interaction with the atmosphere and the land.
Climatology: The study of the Earth's climate and its changes over time.
Planetary geology: The study of the geology of other planets, moons, asteroids and comets.
Astrobiology: The study of the origin, evolution, distribution and future of life in the universe.
Ecology: The study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment.
Biogeochemistry: The study of the chemical and physical processes that control the cycling of elements and compounds in the Earth's biosphere.
Environmental geology: The study of the relationship between humans and the Earth, including the impact of human activities on the environment.
Geotechnical engineering: The study of the behavior of rocks, soils, and other geologic materials in engineering applications.
Mineralogy: It is the study of minerals and their chemical compositions, physical properties, and structures.
Petrology: It deals with the study of rocks and their formation, classification, and mineral composition.
Stratigraphy: It is the study of the layers of rocks and their relative ages and distributions.
Sedimentology: It focuses on the study of sedimentary rocks and the processes involved in their formation, transport, and deposition.
Structural Geology: It deals with the study of the deformation and structural features of rocks resulting from tectonic forces.
Geochemistry: It studies the chemical properties and interactions of rocks, minerals, and fluids in the Earth's surface and subsurface.
Geophysics: It focuses on using mathematical and physical principles to understand the structure and dynamics of the Earth's interior and its magnetic and gravitational fields.
Hydrogeology: It is the study of water movement and its interaction with rocks and soils.
Environmental Geology: It deals with the study of the Earth's systems and their impact on human activities.
Economic Geology: It studies the exploration and extraction of valuable minerals and resources for commercial purposes.
Planetary Geology: It is a specialized field of geology that studies the geology of other planets and their moons.
Astrobiology: It is the study of the possibility of extraterrestrial life and the conditions necessary for its existence in the universe.
"Geology describes the structure of the Earth on and beneath its surface and the processes that have shaped that structure."
"Geologists study the mineralogical composition of rocks in order to get insight into their history of formation."
"Geology determines the relative ages of rocks found at a given location; geochemistry (a branch of geology) determines their absolute ages."
"By combining various petrological, crystallographic, and paleontological tools, geologists are able to chronicle the geological history of the Earth as a whole."
"Geology provides evidence for plate tectonics."
"Geology provides insights into past climate change."
"Geologists use a wide variety of methods to understand the Earth's structure and evolution, including fieldwork, rock description, geophysical techniques, chemical analysis, physical experiments, and numerical modeling."
"In practical terms, geology is important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation, evaluating water resources, understanding natural hazards, remediating environmental problems."
"Geology is central to geological engineering and plays an important role in geotechnical engineering."
"Geology (from Ancient Greek γῆ (gê) 'earth', and λoγία (-logía) 'study of, discourse')"
"Modern geology significantly overlaps all other Earth sciences, including hydrology. It is integrated with Earth system science and planetary science."
"One aspect is to demonstrate the age of the Earth."
"Geologists study the evolutionary history of life."
"Geology is important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation."
"Geologists use fieldwork, rock description, geophysical techniques, chemical analysis, physical experiments, and numerical modeling to understand the Earth's structure."
"Geology is important for evaluating water resources."
"Geology is important for understanding natural hazards."
"Geology plays a role in remediating environmental problems."
"Geology is integrated with Earth system science and planetary science."