"In sociology, socialization or socialisation (see spelling differences) is the process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society."
How an individual's socialization experience can cause them to conform or defy cultural norms and social expectations.
Socialization: The process by which individuals learn the values, norms, and beliefs of their society or culture. This includes the transmission of social roles, expectations, and habits necessary for functioning as a member of these groups.
Culture: The shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a group or society. Culture is transmitted through socialization, and it influences the way individuals perceive the world and interact with others.
Agents of Socialization: The sources through which individuals learn about their social roles, values, and norms. These include family, education, media, peers, and religion.
Gender Socialization: The process by which individuals learn and internalize socially defined roles and expectations related to gender. This includes the transmission of gender norms, stereotypes, and expectations associated with femininity and masculinity.
Social Roles: The social identities, positions, and relationships individuals occupy in society. These are defined by cultural, social, and economic factors, and they exert a powerful influence on behavior, attitudes, and norms.
Deviance: Behavior that deviates from social norms, rules, or expectations. Deviance can be criminal or non-criminal and can be influenced by a range of factors, including socialization, culture, and power relations.
Labeling theory: A theoretical perspective that posits that individuals who are labeled deviant by others are more likely to engage in further deviant behavior. This is because labeling creates new social roles and expectations that can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies.
Strain theory: A theoretical perspective that explains deviance as a result of the strain between cultural goals and the means available to achieve these goals. This strain can lead individuals to engage in deviant behavior to achieve their goals.
Social control theory: A theoretical perspective that posits that deviance is minimized when individuals have strong social bonds and are integrated into their communities. Weak social bonds and marginalization are believed to increase the likelihood of deviant behavior.
Crime and Deviance: The study of criminal behavior and its causes. This includes theories of criminality and research on topics such as white-collar crime, street crime, and juvenile delinquency.
Power and Deviance: The study of how power dynamics contribute to the production of deviant behavior. This includes topics such as social inequality, discrimination, and the criminalization of marginalized groups.
Social Psychology of Deviance: The study of how social psychological factors such as conformity, obedience, and group influence contribute to deviant behavior.
Rational Choice Theory: A theoretical perspective that posits individuals will engage in deviant behavior when the potential rewards outweigh the potential risks. This perspective emphasizes individual choice and rationality in decision-making.
Social Disorganization Theory: A theoretical perspective that posits that social disorganization and the breakdown of community cohesion increase the likelihood of deviant behavior. This perspective focuses on the impact of urbanization and population movements on social order.
Differential Association Theory: A theoretical perspective that posits that deviant behavior is learned through social interactions with others who engage in deviant behavior. This perspective emphasizes the role of peers, subcultures, and social networks in deviance.
Social Conflict Theory: A theoretical perspective that posits that conflict and competition between social groups and classes give rise to deviant behavior. This perspective emphasizes the influence of power and inequality in shaping social norms and expectations.
Social Construction of Deviance: The study of how social norms, values, and beliefs are socially constructed and how this process contributes to the perception of certain behaviors as deviant. This perspective emphasizes the subjective nature of social norms and the role of culture in shaping behavior.
Moral Panics: The study of social reactions to deviant behavior, focusing on how societies construct and amplify moral outrage. This perspective emphasizes the role of media, politics, and public opinion in shaping social norms and expectations.
Social Sanctions: The study of how societies use positive and negative rewards and punishments to enforce social norms and discourage deviant behavior. This includes the use of legal, punitive, and rehabilitative measures to control deviance.
Socialization and Deviance in Global Contexts: The study of how socialization and deviance manifest differently in various cultural, social, and economic contexts. This perspective emphasizes the importance of understanding socialization and deviance in a global context and the need for cross-cultural competence.
Primary Socialization: This is the first and most fundamental socialization that occurs in early childhood, through which an individual learns the basic rules, cultural values, attitudes and norms of their society and culture.
Secondary Socialization: This type of socialization occurs throughout an individual's life through a range of agents such as school, the workplace, media, and peer groups.
Anticipatory Socialization: This type of socialization occurs when individuals learn and adopt behaviors and attitudes that are expected for future roles or statuses. For example, a student preparing for a job after graduation.
Resocialization: Resocialization happens when an individual undergoes a significant change in their environment, such as imprisonment, religious conversion, or joining a new community.
Informal Socialization: In this type of socialization, individuals learn through interaction with their family, friends, and other informal groups.
Formal Socialization: This type of socialization happens through structured institutions such as school, the military, and religious organizations.
Primary Deviance: This is the initial deviant behavior that an individual engages in, which may or may not become a part of their self-concept or identity.
Secondary Deviance: This occurs when an individual accepts the deviant behavior as part of their identity and thus, becomes more committed to it.
Individual Deviance: This is deviant behavior committed by an individual such as theft, drug use, or vandalism.
Group Deviance: This type of deviance happens when deviant behavior is committed by a group such as a gang or cult.
Formal Deviance: This is defined as deviant behavior that is against the law or the norms of a society.
Informal Deviance: Informal deviance happens when an individual violates a social norm or rule that is not enforced by the legal system, such as breaking social etiquette during a formal dinner party.
"Socialization encompasses both learning and teaching and is thus 'the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained'."
"Socialization is strongly connected to developmental psychology."
"Humans need social experiences to learn their culture and to survive."
"Socialization essentially represents the whole process of learning throughout the life course..."
"Socialization is a central influence on the behavior, beliefs, and actions of adults as well as of children."
"Socialization may lead to desirable outcomes – sometimes labeled 'moral' – as regards the society where it occurs."
"Individual views are influenced by the society's consensus..."
"Socialization provides only a partial explanation for human beliefs and behaviors, maintaining that agents are not blank slates predetermined by their environment..."
"Scientific research provides evidence that people are shaped by both social influences and genes."
"A person's environment interacts with their genotype to influence behavioral outcomes."
"Socialization is the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained."
"Socialization encompasses both learning and teaching..."
"Socialization is a central influence on the behavior, beliefs, and actions of adults as well as of children."
"Agents are not blank slates predetermined by their environment; scientific research provides evidence that people are shaped by both social influences and genes."
"Genetic studies have shown that a person's environment interacts with their genotype to influence behavioral outcomes."
"Socialization may lead to desirable outcomes – sometimes labeled 'moral' – as regards the society where it occurs."
"Individual views are influenced by the society's consensus and usually tend toward what that society finds acceptable or 'normal'."
"Socialization essentially represents the whole process of learning throughout the life course..."
"Socialization is strongly connected to developmental psychology... In sociology, socialization or socialisation is the process of internalizing the norms and ideologies of society."