"Economic inequality is an umbrella term for a) income inequality or distribution of income, b) wealth inequality or distribution of wealth, and c) consumption inequality."
Understanding the economic systems that govern society and their impact on social change movements. It also includes analysis of poverty, wealth, and income inequality.
Microeconomics: The study of individual economic units such as households, firms, and markets.
Macroeconomics: The study of the economy as a whole, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.
International economics: The study of trade, international finance, and economic relations between nations.
Economic systems: The different ways in which societies organize the production and distribution of goods and services.
Economic growth: The increase in the production of goods and services that occurs over time.
Development economics: The study of how economies can grow and develop over time, particularly in developing countries.
Behavioral economics: The study of how individuals and organizations make economic decisions and the role of cognitive biases in decision-making.
Game theory: The study of mathematical models of strategic interaction among rational decision-makers.
Public economics: The study of government policies and their impact on economic outcomes such as taxes, public goods, and welfare programs.
Labor economics: The study of the labor market, including wages, employment, and labor force participation.
Environmental economics: The study of how economic activity affects the environment and the role of regulations and incentives in creating sustainable development.
Industrial organization: The study of the structure and behavior of firms in different market settings.
Econometrics: The application of statistical techniques to economic data in order to test and develop theories.
Monetary economics: The study of money, banking, and the role of central banks in economic policy.
Financial economics: The study of financial markets and financial institutions, including stocks, bonds, and derivatives.
Microeconomics: The study of individuals, households, and businesses and how they make decisions about the allocation of resources.
Macroeconomics: The study of national economies and the factors that influence economic growth, inflation, and unemployment.
Behavioral economics: The study of how psychological, social, and emotional factors affect economic decisions and behaviors.
Development economics: The study of economic growth and development in developing countries and the policies that can help to achieve sustainable development.
Environmental economics: The study of the interaction between the economy and the natural environment and the policies that can be implemented to manage natural resources sustainably.
Health economics: The study of the healthcare sector and the policies that can improve health outcomes while reducing costs.
Public economics: The study of government policies and how they affect the allocation of resources and the distribution of income in society.
Game theory: The study of strategic interaction between individuals, firms, and governments and the ways they can cooperate or compete to achieve their objectives.
Labor economics: The study of the labor market and the factors that influence wages, employment, and working conditions.
Urban economics: The study of the economic and social dynamics of urban areas and the policies that can help to promote sustainable urban development.
"Income inequality metrics, such as the Gini coefficient, are used for measuring income inequality."
"The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index is a statistic composite index that takes inequality into account."
"Whereas globalization has reduced the inequality between nations..."
"... it has increased the inequality within the population in most nations."
"Income inequality between nations peaked in the 1970s... Since then, income levels across countries have been converging."
"However, inequality within the population in most has risen significantly in the last 30 years, particularly among advanced countries."
"In this period, approximately 90 percent of advanced nations increased their income inequality."
"...over 70% nations recording their Gini coefficient increase, exceeding two points."
"Research has generally linked economic inequality to political and social instability, including revolution, democratic breakdown, and civil conflict."
"Research suggests that greater inequality hinders economic growth and macroeconomic stability."
"...land and human capital inequality reduce growth more than inequality of income."
"In advanced economies, taxes and transfers decrease income inequality by one-third, with most of this being achieved via public social spending."
"...government tax and spending policies have significant effects on income distribution."
"...there is a near-universal belief that complete economic equality (Gini of zero) would be undesirable and unachievable."
"...within a low-income group, within a high-income group and between them, within an age group and between the inter-generational groups, within a gender group and between them etc."
"Important concepts of equality include equity..."
"Important concepts of equality include... equality of outcome..."
"Important concepts of equality include... equality of opportunity."
"...most of this being achieved via public social spending (such as pensions and family benefits)."