The study of the role of institutional frameworks (public policies, organizations, and innovation networks) in fostering innovation and technological change.
Innovation: The process of developing and implementing new ideas and technologies that bring improvements and advancements in various areas of society.
Science, Technology and Society: The study of the interrelationships between technology, science, and society.
Innovation Systems: A set of institutional, organizational, and social arrangements that promote innovation and knowledge creation within society.
Knowledge Innovation: The process of creating new capacities for knowledge creation and knowledge dissemination within an organization or society.
Technological Change: The process of introducing new technologies into society, which can lead to economic growth, increased productivity, and social change.
Entrepreneurship: The process of starting and operating a new business venture with the aim of making a profit through innovation, creativity, and risk-taking.
Intellectual Property: Legal protections for intellectual creations such as patents, trademarks, copyright, and trade secrets.
Innovation Policy: Laws, regulations, and administrative measures designed to promote innovation and technological development within a society or region.
Innovation Clusters: Geographically concentrated groups of interconnected businesses, suppliers, and institutions that collaborate and share knowledge to develop innovative products and services.
Globalization and Innovation: The ways in which international trade and globalization have facilitated innovation and changed the way innovation is conducted and managed.
Innovation and Sustainability: The relationship between innovation and sustainable development, which seeks to balance economic growth, social welfare, and environmental protection.
Open Innovation: The process of collaborating with external stakeholders, such as customers, suppliers, and partners, to develop new products, services, and ideas.
Innovation Management: The process of developing and implementing strategies and practices to foster innovation within an organization or society.
Innovation Adoption: The process by which a new innovation is accepted and implemented by individuals and organizations within society.
User Innovation: The process of innovation that arises from the needs and desires of users, rather than from formal research and development processes.
National Innovation Systems: The National Innovation System (NIS) is a framework for understanding the key elements that contribute to a country's innovation ecosystem. It typically includes elements such as education and research institutions, government policies and programs, industry associations, and financing mechanisms.
Triple Helix Innovation Systems: This type of system emphasizes the close collaboration between government, industry and academia, as a means of promoting innovation. The concept of the Triple Helix model is built on the idea that innovation is the result of interactions between different groups.
Regional Innovation Systems: A regional innovation system (RIS) is a type of innovation system that is organized around a specific geographical area, such as a city or region. It typically includes elements such as universities, research institutions, companies, and innovation support organizations.
Open Innovation Systems: Open innovation systems involve the integration of external ideas, technologies, and expertise via partnerships, joint ventures, and collaboration. This approach allows for greater sharing of knowledge, resources, and expertise, leading to faster and more effective innovation.
Sectoral Innovation Systems: A sectoral innovation system is a type of innovation system that is focused on a specific sector, industry or market. It typically includes elements such as technology standards, regulatory frameworks, and industry associations.
User-led Innovation Systems: User-led innovation systems involve the user, typically the end customer, acting as a source of innovation. By involving users in the innovation process, companies can better understand their needs and develop more targeted solutions/products.
Cultural Innovation Systems: Cultural innovation systems refer to the use of art, design, and creativity to drive innovation, often in the areas of culture, entertainment and media. This type of innovation system is important because it can help to drive social change and human development.
Knowledge and Science Parks: Knowledge and science parks are physical spaces that are designed to promote collaboration and innovation between industry, government and academia. They typically offer incubation spaces, research and development infrastructure, and access to knowledge and expertise.
Innovation Ecosystems: Innovation ecosystems are complex, interconnected systems that involve a range of stakeholders, including industry, government, academia, and civil society. They are designed to promote innovation at a local or regional level, and typically involve the creation of new networks, policies and funding mechanisms.