"Rural flight (also known as rural-to-urban migration or rural exodus) is the migratory pattern of people from rural areas into urban areas."
Study about trends and patterns of rural-urban migration, the push and pull factors that influence migration, the impact of migration on rural communities, and government policies to deal with rural-urban migration.
Rural-Urban Migration: main concepts: This refers to the movement of people from rural to urban areas for better opportunities, such as jobs and education.
Push and Pull factors: Push factors refer to circumstances in rural areas that drive people to leave, such as poverty and lack of access to basic services. Pull factors refer to circumstances in urban areas that attract people to move, such as higher wages and better education.
The impact of rural-urban migration on rural life: This topic looks at how migration affects the communities left behind, including changes in economic conditions, social relationships, and cultural practices.
The impact of rural-urban migration on urban life: This topic examines how migrants affect urban areas, including changes in urban demographics, social and cultural values, and public services.
Rural-urban linkages: This refers to connections between rural and urban areas, including economic, social, and environmental linkages.
Migration policies and programs: This topic looks at how governments regulate migration, and how government policies can either promote or discourage migration.
The role of remittances: This topic examines the economic impact of rural-urban migration on the sending communities, including the role of remittances in improving living standards.
Gender dimensions of rural-urban migration: This topic looks at how migration affects men and women differently, including changes in gender roles and social relationships.
Rural-urban migration and sustainable development: This topic examines how migration affects sustainable development, including environmental sustainability, social equity, and economic growth.
Case studies of rural-urban migration: This topic looks at specific examples of migration from rural to urban areas, including the causes, impacts, and outcomes of the migration.
Seasonal migration: The migrant workers move to urban areas for seasonal work, such as harvesting crops, and return to their rural homes after the season is over.
Permanent migration: Rural residents permanently move to urban areas in search of better jobs, education, or social amenities.
Semi-permanent migration: The migrants move back and forth between their rural and urban homes, often seeking work in urban areas during times of economic hardship.
Reverse migration: The migrants return to their rural homes permanently after experiencing hardship or a lack of success in urban areas.
Commuting: Rural residents work in urban areas but continue to live in their rural homes and commute to work.
Forced migration: Rural residents are displaced from their homes due to natural disasters, conflict, or other external factors and are forced to migrate to urban areas.
Urban-rural oscillation: Migrants move back and forth between rural and urban homes based on changing economic, social, or political opportunities.
Tourist migration: Rural residents migrate to urban areas to participate in tourist activities, such as visiting museums or attending cultural events.
Education migration: Rural residents migrate to urban areas to attend school or university and may return to their rural homes after completing their studies.
Retirement migration: Rural residents migrate to urban areas after retiring to access better healthcare or social services.
"Rural exodus can occur following the industrialization of primary industries such as agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry—when fewer people are needed to bring the same amount of output to market—and related secondary industries are consolidated. It can also follow an ecological or human-caused catastrophe such as a famine or resource depletion."
"The same phenomenon can also be brought about simply because of higher wages and educational access available in urban areas."
"Once rural populations fall below a critical mass, the population is too small to support certain businesses, which then also leave or close."
"Even in non-market sectors of the economy, providing services to smaller and more dispersed populations becomes proportionately more expensive for governments, which can lead to closures of state-funded offices and services, which further harm the rural economy."
"Schools are the archetypal example because they influence the decisions of parents of young children: a village or region without a school will typically lose families to larger towns that have one."
"Government policies to combat rural flight include campaigns to expand services to the countryside, such as electrification or distance education. Governments can also use restrictions like internal passports to make rural flight illegal."
"Economic conditions that can counter rural depopulation include commodities booms, the expansion of outdoor-focused tourism, and a shift to remote work, or exurbanization."
"To some extent, governments generally seek only to manage rural flight and channel it into certain cities, rather than stop it outright."
"Building airports, railways, hospitals, and universities in places with few users to support them, while neglecting growing urban and suburban areas" would be an expensive task.
"It is urbanization seen from the rural perspective."
"The concept (urban hierarchy) can be applied more generally to many services and is explained by central place theory."
"In industrializing economies like Britain in the eighteenth century or East Asia in the twentieth century, it can occur following the industrialization of primary industries."
"Higher wages and educational access available in urban areas" can be pull factors for people leaving rural areas.
"Providing services to smaller and more dispersed populations becomes proportionately more expensive for governments, which can lead to closures of state-funded offices and services, which further harm the rural economy."
"When fewer people are needed to bring the same amount of output to market, related secondary industries (refining and processing) are consolidated," which can lead to rural flight.
"Once rural populations fall below a critical mass, the population is too small to support certain businesses, which then also leave or close."
"For example, a village or region without a school will typically lose families to larger towns that have one."
"Government policies to combat rural flight include campaigns to expand services to the countryside, such as electrification or distance education."
"Taking on the expensive task of building airports, railways, hospitals, and universities in places with few users to support them, while neglecting growing urban and suburban areas."