"Colonialism is a practice by which a country controls people or areas, often by establishing colonies, generally for strategic and economic advancement."
The study of the impact of colonialism and imperialism on societies and cultures across the world, including their economic, political, and social consequences and resistance to them.
Colonial expansion: The process of territorial expansion by European powers through colonization of non-European territories and their peoples.
Economic imperialism: Economic domination and control over the resources and markets of the colonized territories by the colonizing powers.
Political imperialism: The imposition of political systems and institutions on the colonized people by the colonizing powers.
Cultural imperialism: The imposition of Western cultural values, norms and practices on the colonized societies by the colonizing powers.
Imperialism as a global system: The international organization of colonial powers that enforced imperial domination and colonization of the territories outside of Europe.
Resistance against imperialism: The various forms of resistance and opposition to colonial rule by the colonized peoples, including armed resistance, non-violent protests, political organization and cultural revitalization.
The impact of imperialism on indigenous peoples: The effects of imperialism on indigenous populations including loss of land, population decline, disruption of traditional cultures and social structures.
The impact of imperialism on the economy: The effects of imperialism on the economic development of the colonized territories, including the exploitation of resources, unequal economic relations and economic dependency.
The impact of imperialism on politics: The effects of imperialism on the political development of the colonized territories, including the imposition of colonial governments, suppression of local autonomy and the rise of nationalist movements.
The impact of imperialism on society and culture: The effects of imperialism on the social and cultural changes in the colonized territories, including the introduction of new religions, languages, and customs.
Imperialism and racism: The relationship between imperialism and racial stereotypes and discrimination, including the development of scientific racism and the justification of colonialism as a civilizing mission.
Post-colonialism: The study of the aftermath of colonialism, including the challenges of decolonization, the effects of colonial legacy, and the emergence of new forms of nationalism and governance.
Imperialism and globalization: The ways in which imperialism has evolved and adapted to the contemporary global context of economic and political power.
Mercantilism: This is a type of colonialism where a country aims to increase its wealth and power by maintaining a favorable balance of trade, exporting more than it imports.
Settlement Colonialism: This occurs when a mother country sends its own citizens to colonize foreign lands, intermingling with the native population or displacing it.
Exploitation Colonialism: This type of colonialism involves exploiting the resources, labor, and other infrastructure of the colonized territory for the benefit of the colonizing power.
Indirect Colonialism: When a colonizing power does not openly occupy a territory but rather exerts its influence and control through other means, such as political or economic leverage, it is known as indirect colonialism.
Informal Imperialism: This is when a powerful country exercises control over less-developed or weaker countries, without necessarily annexing them or establishing formal colonial rule.
"Colonialism is etymologically rooted in the Latin word 'Colonus', which was used to describe tenant farmers in the Roman Empire."
"Colonialism has existed since ancient times."
"The concept is most strongly associated with the European and Japanese empires."
"Starting in the 15th century and extending to the mid-1900s."
"At first, conquest followed policies of mercantilism, aiming to strengthen the home-country economy."
"Agreements usually restricted the colony to trading only with the metropole (mother country)."
"By the mid-19th century."
"Missionaries were active in practically all of the European-controlled colonies because the metropoles were Christian."
"Historian Philip Hoffman calculated that by 1800, before the Industrial Revolution, Europeans already controlled at least 35% of the globe."
"By 1914, they had gained control of 84% of the globe."
"Colonial powers retreated between 1945 and 1975; over which time nearly all colonies gained independence, entering into changed colonial, so-called postcolonial and neocolonialist relations."
"The coloni sharecroppers started as tenants of landlords, but the system evolved so they were permanently indebted to the landowner and were trapped in servitude."
"The system evolved so they were permanently indebted to the landowner and were trapped in servitude."
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