"Sex is the trait that determines whether a sexually reproducing organism produces male or female gametes."
Refers to the biological differences between males and females, including differences in anatomy and reproductive organs.
The social construction of gender: The idea that gender identity is not fixed but rather shaped by social factors such as culture, language, and historical context.
Gender roles: The expectations, attitudes, and behaviors associated with being male or female in a particular culture.
Patriarchy: A social system in which men hold more power and authority than women.
Intersectionality: The idea that individuals experience inequality and discrimination based on multiple, intersecting factors such as race, class, and sexual orientation, in addition to gender.
Sexual orientation: A person's sexual attraction to members of the same or opposite sex, or both.
Transgender: People who identify as a gender different from the one they were assigned at birth.
Gender identity: How an individual identifies and perceives their own gender.
Feminism: Advocacy of women's rights and gender equality, based on the belief in the equality of the sexes.
Genderqueer: Individuals who do not identify as either male or female or identify as a combination of both.
Toxic masculinity: A term used to describe harmful behavioral norms and attitudes associated with traditional masculinity, such as aggression and suppressing emotions.
Gender and politics: The effect of gender identity on political representation and policymaking.
Masculinity/femininity: The cultural constructs of male and female traits and behaviors that are often used to reinforce traditional gender roles.
Queer theory: A theoretical framework that explores the meaning and implications of non-normative gender and sexual identities.
Gender-based violence: Violence directed at a person because of their gender identity.
White feminism: Criticism of mainstream feminist movements that focus exclusively on issues faced by white, middle-class women and ignore the intersectionality of different forms of oppression.
Male: Biologically, males are characterized by the presence of a Y chromosome, which determines the development of male sex organs and testosterone production.
Female: Biologically, females are characterized by the absence of a Y chromosome and the development of female sex organs, such as ovaries and a uterus.
Intersex: Individuals with intersex conditions have ambiguous genitalia, chromosomes or hormone levels that do not neatly fit into the typical male or female categories.
"Male organisms produce small mobile gametes (spermatozoa, sperm, pollen), while female organisms produce larger, non-mobile gametes (ova, often called egg cells)."
"Organisms that produce both types of gametes are called hermaphrodites."
"During sexual reproduction, male and female gametes fuse to form zygotes, which develop into offspring that inherit traits from each parent."
"Males and females of a species may have physical similarities (sexual monomorphism) or differences (sexual dimorphism) that reflect various reproductive pressures on the respective sexes."
"Mate choice and sexual selection can accelerate the evolution of physical differences between the sexes."
"The terms male and female typically do not apply in sexually undifferentiated species in which the individuals are isomorphic (look the same) and the gametes are isogamous (indistinguishable in size and shape)."
"Some kinds of functional differences between gametes, such as in fungi, may be referred to as mating types."
"The sex of a living organism is determined by its genes."
"Most mammals have the XY sex-determination system, where male mammals usually carry an X and a Y chromosome (XY)."
"Female mammals usually carry two X chromosomes (XX)."
"Other chromosomal sex-determination systems in animals include the ZW system in birds, and the X0 system in insects."
"Various environmental systems include temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles and crustaceans."
"Male organisms produce small mobile gametes (spermatozoa, sperm, pollen), while female organisms produce larger, non-mobile gametes (ova, often called egg cells)."
"The sex of a living organism is determined by its genes."
"Other chromosomal sex-determination systems in animals include the ZW system in birds, and the X0 system in insects."
"Some kinds of functional differences between gametes, such as in fungi, may be referred to as mating types."
"Mate choice and sexual selection can accelerate the evolution of physical differences between the sexes."
"Organisms that produce both types of gametes are called hermaphrodites."
"During sexual reproduction, male and female gametes fuse to form zygotes, which develop into offspring that inherit traits from each parent."