"The long-standing debate in biology and society about the relative influence on human beings of their genetic inheritance (nature) and the environmental conditions of their development (nurture)."
Nurture Debate - This topic explores the impact of both genetic and environmental factors on criminal behavior.
Biological determinism: This theory asserts that genetics and biology play a significant role in determining criminal behavior.
Psychological theories: These approaches to criminology focus on the emotional and psychological factors that motivate criminal behavior.
Social learning theory: This theory suggests that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others in one's social environment.
Labeling theory: This perspective argues that criminal behavior is often the product of being labeled as a criminal or deviant by society.
Environmental factors: Challenges like poverty, social inequality, and neighborhood conditions can contribute to criminal activity.
Economic theories: Economic explanations for criminal behavior focus on the relationship between poverty, unemployment, and crime.
Criminal subcultures: Certain groups may possess distinct cultures, norms, and values that condone or even glorify criminal behavior.
Genetic predispositions: Although genetic factors can't completely explain criminality, studies have explored possible genetic predispositions to crime.
Neurobiological explanations: This area of criminology focuses on the connection between brain structure or function and criminal tendencies.
Social control theory: This perspective argues that people are naturally inclined toward deviant behavior, but societal norms, customs, and institutions curb such impulses.
Biological determinism vs. socialization: This debate considers whether criminal behavior is caused by biological factors, such as genetics or brain dysfunction, or whether it is a result of environmental and social factors, such as family, peers, or societal influences.
Rational choice theory vs. trait theory: The rational choice theory proposes that individuals engage in criminal behavior as a result of rational decision-making based on expected benefits and costs. In contrast, trait theory suggests that certain psychological and personality traits contribute to criminal behavior.
Psychopathy vs. Sociopathy: Psychopathy and sociopathy are both personality disorders characterized by a disregard for social norms and pathological lying. The debate between these two concepts concerns the differences in their origin, symptoms, and treatment.
Gender differences in criminal behavior: This debate examines whether gender plays a role in the prevalence, patterns, or severity of criminal behavior. Some argue that differences in gender roles and biological factors influence criminal behavior among males and females differently.
Evolutionary psychology vs. cultural psychology: Evolutionary psychology suggests that certain criminal behaviors may be innate and evolved adaptations to address ancestral challenges. In contrast, cultural psychology emphasizes the role of culture and socialization in shaping criminal behavior.
"The alliterative expression 'nature and nurture' in English has been in use since at least the Elizabethan period and goes back to medieval French."
"Nature is what people think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors."
"Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception, e.g., the product of exposure, experience, and learning on an individual."
"The phrase in its modern sense was popularized by the Victorian polymath Francis Galton, the modern founder of eugenics and behavioral genetics when he was discussing the influence of heredity and environment on social advancement."
"The view that humans acquire all or almost all their behavioral traits from 'nurture' was termed tabula rasa ('blank tablet, slate') by John Locke in 1690."
"A blank slate view (sometimes termed blank-slatism) in human developmental psychology, which assumes that human behavioral traits develop almost exclusively from environmental influences, was widely held during much of the 20th century."
"The debate between 'blank-slate' denial of the influence of heritability, and the view admitting both environmental and heritable traits, has often been cast in terms of nature versus nurture."
"These two conflicting approaches to human development were at the core of an ideological dispute over research agendas throughout the second half of the 20th century. As both 'nature' and 'nurture' factors were found to contribute substantially, often in an inextricable manner, such views were seen as naive or outdated by most scholars of human development by the 21st century."
"The strong dichotomy of nature versus nurture has thus been claimed to have limited relevance in some fields of research."
"Close feedback loops have been found in which nature and nurture influence one another constantly, as seen in self-domestication."
"In ecology and behavioral genetics, researchers think nurture has an essential influence on nature."
"Similarly in other fields, the dividing line between an inherited and an acquired trait becomes unclear, as in epigenetics or fetal development." (Note: The remaining questions can be formulated based on the provided information.)