"The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation, and the European Reformation) was a major movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in part posed a challenge to papal authority."
A movement in the 16th century within Western Christianity that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of Protestantism.
Pre-Reformation Christianity: A survey of medieval Christianity in Europe before the Reformation, including its hierarchy, beliefs, and practices.
Martin Luther: An overview of the life and ideas of the German theologian who started the Reformation, including his teachings on justification by faith alone and his criticisms of the Catholic Church.
Protestantism: A examination of the major Protestant sects that emerged during the Reformation, such as Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism.
Catholic Counter-Reformation: A study of the Catholic Church's response to the Reformation, including its efforts to reform itself and its persecution of Protestant heretics.
Political and Social Impact: An analysis of how the Reformation affected European politics, society, and culture, including the rise of nationalism, the decline of monasticism, and the emergence of religious tolerance.
Wars of Religion: A review of the religious conflicts that occurred during the Reformation and the following centuries.
The Thirty Years War: An examination of the devastating conflict in central Europe between Catholics and Protestants.
Humanism: An exploration of the intellectual movement that emerged during the Renaissance and influenced the Reformation, including its emphasis on reason, education, and individualism.
Printing Press: A discussion of the technological revolution that facilitated the spread of Reformation ideas by enabling the mass production of books and pamphlets.
Early Modern Europe: A contextualization of the Reformation within the broader historical developments of the period, such as the rise of capitalism and the growth of the nation-state.
Lutheran: The Lutheran Reformation was initiated by Martin Luther in Germany in the early 16th century. Lutherans believe in the doctrine of justification by faith alone, and reject the authority of the Pope as head of the Church.
Calvinist: The Calvinist Reformation was led by John Calvin in Switzerland in the mid-16th century. Calvinists believe in predestination: The idea that God has chosen who will be saved and who will be damned - and reject the sacramental system of the Catholic Church.
Anglican: The Anglican Reformation was initiated in England in the mid-16th century by King Henry VIII, who broke with Rome and established the Church of England. Anglicans retain some Catholic liturgy and sacraments but reject the authority of the Pope.
Anabaptist: The Anabaptist movement emerged in Switzerland in the early 16th century and rejected infant baptism, insisting on adult baptism after a profession of faith. Anabaptists also emphasized the separation of Church and State and the importance of individual conscience.
Presbyterian: The Presbyterian movement emerged in Scotland in the late 16th century and was inspired by the ideas of John Knox. Presbyterians are characterized by a system of governance by a council of elders, rather than a hierarchy of bishops.
Methodism: Methodism emerged in England in the 18th century as a result of the work of John Wesley and his followers. Methodists emphasize the importance of personal piety and the need for an emotional experience of God.
Baptist: The Baptist movement emerged in England in the 17th century and emphasized adult baptism by immersion, the authority of the Bible, and the autonomy of the local church.
Quaker: The Quaker movement emerged in England in the mid-17th century and emphasized the importance of individual conscience and direct experience of God. Quakers reject formal religious structures and believe in the inherent worth and dignity of every individual.
"The Reformation marked the start of Protestantism and in the Western Church, the Latin Church, remained the Catholic Church."
"It is considered one of the events that signified the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period in Europe."
"Prior to Martin Luther and the other Protestant Reformers, there were earlier reform movements within Western Christianity."
"Although the Reformation is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517..."
"...he was not excommunicated by Pope Leo X until January 1521."
"The Diet of Worms of May 1521 condemned Luther and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire from defending or propagating his ideas."
"Luther survived after being declared an outlaw due to the protection of Elector Frederick the Wise."
"The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular."
"The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers such as Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin arose."
"In general, the Reformers argued that salvation in Christianity was a completed status based on faith in Jesus alone and not a process that could involve good works, as in the Catholic view."
"The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic reforms initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation." Note: Since the given paragraph focuses on providing information, it may not contain direct quotes that explicitly answer all study questions.