"The pair-structured phrases 'religion and science' and 'science and religion' first emerged in the literature during the 19th century."
Looks at the relationship between religion and science and the conflicts that arise between them.
The relationship between religion and science: Examining the history and nature of the interaction between these two fields of study.
Secularisation: This topic involves exploring how modernisation has resulted in the decline of religion’s influence in society.
Science: Understanding the scientific method and the role of empirical evidence in analysis and decision-making.
Belief systems: Investigating different religious beliefs and their impacts on society.
Evolution: Examining the theory of evolution and its implications for religious belief.
Creationism: This topic concerns the view that the origin and development of the universe and life originated from a divine creator as described in religious texts.
Atheism: Understanding the philosophical and practical implications of not believing in the existence of God or gods.
Fundamentalism: Analyzing the characteristics of fundamentalism, such as a literalist interpretation of sacred texts and a rejection of secular society.
Religious pluralism: Examining how different religious and spiritual practices can coexist in a single society.
Ethics: Investigating the role of religious ethics and its impact on societal norms.
Morality: Analyzing the differences between religious and secular morality.
Spirituality: Understanding the difference between religion and spirituality, and exploring how spiritual practices can impact an individual’s well-being.
Ritual: Investigating the role of ritual in religious practices, and understanding the symbolic meanings attached to specific rituals.
Gender: Analyzing how gender roles and beliefs are shaped by religion, and examining the impact of feminism on religious communities.
Education: Exploring the role of religious education and its impact on students, including the challenges of teaching religion in a secular context.
Christianity: A monotheistic religion centered on the life, teachings, and actions of Jesus Christ, as recorded in the Bible and other Christian Scriptures.
Hinduism: A polytheistic religion that originated in India and emphasizes the interdependence and continuity of all things, the cycle of birth, death and rebirth (reincarnation), and the pursuit of ultimate liberation through self-realization.
Buddhism: A non-theistic religion that originated in India and emphasizes the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and the idea of dependent origination as the means to end suffering and attain enlightenment.
Judaism: A monotheistic religion that originated in ancient Israel and is based on the Jewish Bible, which includes the Torah and other sacred texts.
Islam: A monotheistic religion that emerged in the 7th century in the Arabian Peninsula and is based on the teachings of its prophet Muhammad as recorded in the Quran.
Physics: Deals with the study of matter, energy, and the physical universe at various scales, including the atomic and subatomic level, the macroscopic level, and the cosmological level.
Biology: The study of living organisms, their structure, function, behavior, and evolution.
Chemistry: The study of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter.
Psychology: The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes.
Sociology: The scientific study of social structure, culture, and human interaction in groups and societies.
"The refining of 'science' and 'religion' as distinct concepts in the preceding few centuries—partly due to professionalization of the sciences, the Protestant Reformation, colonization, and globalization."
"The relationship between science and religion has been characterized in terms of 'conflict', 'harmony', 'complexity', and 'mutual independence', among others."
"Most scientific and technical innovations until the scientific revolution were achieved by societies organized by religious traditions."
"Ancient pagan, Islamic, and Christian scholars pioneered individual elements of the scientific method. Roger Bacon, often credited with formalizing the scientific method, was a Franciscan friar."
"Confucian thought, whether religious or non-religious in nature, has held different views of science over time."
"Many 21st-century Buddhists view science as complementary to their beliefs."
"Medieval Middle Eastern scholars empirically classified materials."
"John William Draper postulated a conflict thesis, suggesting that religion and science have been in conflict methodologically, factually, and politically throughout history."
"Some contemporary philosophers and scientists, such as Richard Dawkins, Lawrence Krauss, Peter Atkins, and Donald Prothero subscribe to this thesis."
"Augustine of Hippo, Thomas Aquinas, Francisco Ayala, Kenneth R. Miller, and Francis Collins have seen compatibility or interdependence between religion and science."
"Stephen Jay Gould regarded religion and science as 'non-overlapping magisteria', addressing fundamentally separate forms of knowledge and aspects of life."
"Historians such as Stephen Shapin claim that 'it is a very long time since these attitudes have been held by historians of science.'"
"Some historians of science and mathematicians, including John Lennox, Thomas Berry, and Brian Swimme, propose an interconnection between science and religion."
"Ian Barbour believes there are even parallels."
"Public acceptance of scientific facts may sometimes be influenced by religious beliefs."
"The American National Academy of Sciences has written that 'the evidence for evolution can be fully compatible with religious faith'."
"A view endorsed by many religious denominations."
"Events in Europe such as the Galileo affair of the early 17th century, associated with the scientific revolution and the Age of Enlightenment, led scholars such as John William Draper to postulate a conflict thesis."
"While the classification of the material world by the ancient Indians and Greeks into air, earth, fire, and water was more metaphysical."