Islamic History

A chronological account of the history of Islam, including the life of the Prophet Muhammad, the spread of Islam, and the formation of the Islamic empire.

When and where did Islam originate?

- "Most historians believe that Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE."

Who are the Abrahamic prophets mentioned in Islam?

- "Muslims regard Islam as a return to the original faith of the Abrahamic prophets, such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, and Jesus."

When did Muhammad start receiving divine revelations and what did they call for?

- "Muhammad began receiving what Muslims consider to be divine revelations in 610 CE, calling for submission to the one God, the expectation of the imminent Last Judgement, and caring for the poor and needy."

Where did Muhammad migrate to after facing opposition in Mecca?

- "Muhammad migrated to the city of Yathrib (now known as Medina)."

What happened after Muhammad's death regarding the leadership of the Muslim community?

- "With the death of Muhammad in 632 CE, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community during the Rāshidūn Caliphate."

What were the early Muslim conquests responsible for?

- "The early Muslim conquests were responsible for the spread of Islam."

How far did the Umayyad Caliphate's rule extend by the 8th century CE?

- "By the 8th century CE, the Umayyad Caliphate extended from Muslim Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east."

Which empires significantly contributed to technological and administrative developments during the Islamic Golden Age?

- "Polities such as those ruled by the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, the Fatimids, Seljuks, Ayyubids, and Mamluks were among the most influential powers in the world."

What dynasties conquered parts of Anatolia and the northern Indian subcontinent?

- "The Sultanate of Rum and Artuqids conquered much of Anatolia, while the Delhi Sultanate conquered the northern Indian subcontinent."

Which events weakened the traditional centers of the Muslim world in the 13th and 14th centuries?

- "Destructive Mongol invasions and those of Tamerlane (Timur) from the east, along with the loss of population due to the Black Death, greatly weakened the traditional centers of the Muslim world."

Which powers emerged as world powers in the early modern period?

- "Ottoman Turkey, Mughal India, and Safavid Iran emerged as world powers."

When did most of the Muslim world fall under European influence or control?

- "During the 19th and early 20th centuries, most of the Muslim world fell under the influence or direct control of the European Great Powers."

Which regions continue to experience conflict due to efforts for independence and nation-building?

- "Some of their efforts to win independence and build modern nation-states over the course of the last two centuries continue to reverberate to the present day, as well as fuel conflict-zones in regions such as Palestine, Kashmir, Xinjiang, Chechnya, Central Africa, Bosnia, and Myanmar."

What led to the stabilization of the Arab States of the Gulf Cooperation Council?

- "The oil boom stabilized the Arab States of the Gulf Cooperation Council (comprising Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates)."

What are the main focuses of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries?

- "which focus on capitalism, free trade, and tourism."

What was the impact of Muhammad's message in the early stages?

- "Muhammad's message won over a handful of followers (the ṣaḥāba)."

Who were some of the influential powers during the Islamic Golden Age?

- "Polities such as those ruled by the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, the Fatimids, Seljuks, Ayyubids, and Mamluks were among the most influential powers in the world."

Which empires contributed significantly to technological developments during the Islamic Golden Age?

- "Highly Persianized empires built by the Samanids, Ghaznavids, and Ghurids significantly contributed to technological and administrative developments."

What were some of the consequences of the Mongol invasions in the 13th and 14th centuries?

- "Destructive Mongol invasions and those of Tamerlane (Timur) from the east, along with the loss of population due to the Black Death, greatly weakened the traditional centers of the Muslim world."

Which Muslim powers emerged during the early modern period?

- "Ottoman Turkey, Mughal India, and Safavid Iran emerged as world powers."