"The pair-structured phrases 'religion and science' and 'science and religion' first emerged in the literature during the 19th century."
The relationship between religion and science, including the history of scientific thought and its influence on religious beliefs.
Creation Myths: Various religious traditions have stories about the origins of the world and humanity. Understanding these myths can help to provide insight into beliefs about the nature of the universe and the place of humans within it.
Evolutionary Theory: The theory of evolution is a key topic in the debate between religion and science. This topic covers the history and development of evolutionary theory, its implications for religious beliefs, and the cultural and political issues surrounding the debate.
Comparative Religion: The study of comparative religion involves exploring the similarities and differences between major religious traditions. This can help to provide a broader understanding of the role of religion in society, as well as the beliefs, practices, and values of different religions.
Science and Religion: The relationship between science and religion has been a topic of discussion throughout history. This topic includes the history of the conflict between science and religion, modern debates on the compatibility of science and religion, and the implications of this relationship for religious beliefs.
Mythology: Many religions have complex mythologies that provide a framework for understanding the world and the human experience. Understanding these myths can provide insights into the beliefs and values of different religious traditions.
Philosophy of Religion: The philosophy of religion is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of the divine, the existence of God, and the relationship between religion and morality. This topic includes the major arguments for and against the existence of God, as well as the cultural and historical context of these debates.
Religious Ethics: Religious ethics involves exploring the moral teachings and precepts of different religious traditions. This includes an examination of the role of religion in shaping moral values, as well as the similarities and differences between different religious ethical systems.
History of Religious Thought: The history of religious thought covers the ideas and beliefs of major religious thinkers throughout history. This topic includes an examination of the ideas and writings of religious leaders, as well as the cultural and historical context of these beliefs.
Rituals and Practices: Religious rituals and practices are an integral part of many religious traditions. This topic covers the history and significance of different religious practices, as well as the cultural and social context of these practices.
Religious Texts: Sacred texts are an important part of many religious traditions. This topic covers the history and interpretation of religious texts, as well as the role of these texts in shaping religious beliefs and practices.
Christianity: A monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Jesus Christ.
Islam: A monotheistic religion based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad.
Hinduism: A religion based on the Vedas, a collection of ancient texts from India.
Buddhism: A religion founded by Gautama Buddha, focused on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path to Enlightenment.
Judaism: A monotheistic religion based on the Hebrew Bible and the Talmud.
Taoism: A Chinese philosophy and religion focused on living in harmony with the natural world.
Confucianism: A Chinese philosophy focused on ethics, morality, and social order.
Shinto: The traditional religion of Japan, focused on the worship of ancestral spirits and natural elements.
Sikhism: A monotheistic religion founded in India, focused on the beliefs of one God and social justice.
Biology: The study of living organisms and their interactions with the environment.
Chemistry: The study of matter and its properties and transformations.
Physics: The study of energy, matter, and their interactions.
Astronomy: The study of celestial objects in the universe.
Geology: The study of the Earth's structure, composition, and history.
Math: The study of numbers, quantities, and shapes.
Anthropology: The study of human societies and cultures.
Psychology: The study of the human mind and behavior.
"The refining of 'science' and 'religion' as distinct concepts in the preceding few centuries—partly due to professionalization of the sciences, the Protestant Reformation, colonization, and globalization."
"The relationship between science and religion has been characterized in terms of 'conflict', 'harmony', 'complexity', and 'mutual independence', among others."
"Most scientific and technical innovations until the scientific revolution were achieved by societies organized by religious traditions."
"Ancient pagan, Islamic, and Christian scholars pioneered individual elements of the scientific method. Roger Bacon, often credited with formalizing the scientific method, was a Franciscan friar."
"Confucian thought, whether religious or non-religious in nature, has held different views of science over time."
"Many 21st-century Buddhists view science as complementary to their beliefs."
"Medieval Middle Eastern scholars empirically classified materials."
"John William Draper postulated a conflict thesis, suggesting that religion and science have been in conflict methodologically, factually, and politically throughout history."
"Some contemporary philosophers and scientists, such as Richard Dawkins, Lawrence Krauss, Peter Atkins, and Donald Prothero subscribe to this thesis."
"Augustine of Hippo, Thomas Aquinas, Francisco Ayala, Kenneth R. Miller, and Francis Collins have seen compatibility or interdependence between religion and science."
"Stephen Jay Gould regarded religion and science as 'non-overlapping magisteria', addressing fundamentally separate forms of knowledge and aspects of life."
"Historians such as Stephen Shapin claim that 'it is a very long time since these attitudes have been held by historians of science.'"
"Some historians of science and mathematicians, including John Lennox, Thomas Berry, and Brian Swimme, propose an interconnection between science and religion."
"Ian Barbour believes there are even parallels."
"Public acceptance of scientific facts may sometimes be influenced by religious beliefs."
"The American National Academy of Sciences has written that 'the evidence for evolution can be fully compatible with religious faith'."
"A view endorsed by many religious denominations."
"Events in Europe such as the Galileo affair of the early 17th century, associated with the scientific revolution and the Age of Enlightenment, led scholars such as John William Draper to postulate a conflict thesis."
"While the classification of the material world by the ancient Indians and Greeks into air, earth, fire, and water was more metaphysical."