"The pair-structured phrases 'religion and science' and 'science and religion' first emerged in the literature during the 19th century."
The relationship between religion and science refers to the way in which religious beliefs and scientific discoveries intersect and sometimes conflict with each other. It can be a highly contentious issue within many religious communities, and can have significant implications for issues such as education, public policy, and the environment.
Evolution: The scientific theory that explains how life evolved on Earth over millions of years.
Intelligent Design: A controversial theory that claims certain features of the universe and living organisms are best explained by an intelligent cause rather than natural selection.
Creationism: A religious belief that the world and all its living creatures were created by God in six days, as described in the book of Genesis.
The Big Bang: The scientific theory that the universe began as a single, tiny point and has been expanding ever since.
Cosmology: The scientific study of the universe, including its origin, evolution, and ultimate fate.
Theology: The study of religious beliefs and practices, including the nature of God and the relationship between God and humans.
Ethics: The branch of philosophy concerned with moral principles that govern the behavior of individuals and groups.
Philosophy of Science: The study of the assumptions, methods, and implications of science, including its relationship with religion and other areas of knowledge.
Epistemology: The branch of philosophy that deals with knowledge and belief, including the types of knowledge and how it is acquired.
Metaphysics: The branch of philosophy that explores the nature of reality and the relationships between matter, mind, and spirit.
Quantum Physics: The branch of physics that deals with the behavior of matter and energy at the subatomic level, including the principle of uncertainty and the phenomenon of entanglement.
Neuroscience: The study of the nervous system and brain, including how they function and influence behavior and consciousness.
Psychology: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes, including perceptions, emotions, and cognition.
Sociology: The study of society, including its culture, institutions, and social relationships.
Anthropology: The scientific study of human societies and cultures, including its history, beliefs, and traditions.
Religion: :.
Christianity: A monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
Islam: A monotheistic religion based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad.
Judaism: A monotheistic religion based on the Torah and the teachings of the Jewish people.
Hinduism: A religion that originated in India and has a diverse set of beliefs and practices.
Buddhism: A religion that originated in ancient India and is characterized by the teachings of the Buddha.
Taoism: A Chinese religion and philosophy that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao, or the "way" of the universe.
Sikhism: A monotheistic religion that originated in the Punjab region of India.
Science: :.
Physics: The study of matter and energy in the universe, including the behavior of particles and the laws governing their interactions.
Biology: The study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and their environments.
Chemistry: The study of the composition, properties, and behavior of matter.
Psychology: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Neuroscience: The study of the nervous system and the brain.
Environmental science: The study of the natural environment and the effects of human activity on it.
Computer science: The study of computers and computational systems.
"The refining of 'science' and 'religion' as distinct concepts in the preceding few centuries—partly due to professionalization of the sciences, the Protestant Reformation, colonization, and globalization."
"The relationship between science and religion has been characterized in terms of 'conflict', 'harmony', 'complexity', and 'mutual independence', among others."
"Most scientific and technical innovations until the scientific revolution were achieved by societies organized by religious traditions."
"Ancient pagan, Islamic, and Christian scholars pioneered individual elements of the scientific method. Roger Bacon, often credited with formalizing the scientific method, was a Franciscan friar."
"Confucian thought, whether religious or non-religious in nature, has held different views of science over time."
"Many 21st-century Buddhists view science as complementary to their beliefs."
"Medieval Middle Eastern scholars empirically classified materials."
"John William Draper postulated a conflict thesis, suggesting that religion and science have been in conflict methodologically, factually, and politically throughout history."
"Some contemporary philosophers and scientists, such as Richard Dawkins, Lawrence Krauss, Peter Atkins, and Donald Prothero subscribe to this thesis."
"Augustine of Hippo, Thomas Aquinas, Francisco Ayala, Kenneth R. Miller, and Francis Collins have seen compatibility or interdependence between religion and science."
"Stephen Jay Gould regarded religion and science as 'non-overlapping magisteria', addressing fundamentally separate forms of knowledge and aspects of life."
"Historians such as Stephen Shapin claim that 'it is a very long time since these attitudes have been held by historians of science.'"
"Some historians of science and mathematicians, including John Lennox, Thomas Berry, and Brian Swimme, propose an interconnection between science and religion."
"Ian Barbour believes there are even parallels."
"Public acceptance of scientific facts may sometimes be influenced by religious beliefs."
"The American National Academy of Sciences has written that 'the evidence for evolution can be fully compatible with religious faith'."
"A view endorsed by many religious denominations."
"Events in Europe such as the Galileo affair of the early 17th century, associated with the scientific revolution and the Age of Enlightenment, led scholars such as John William Draper to postulate a conflict thesis."
"While the classification of the material world by the ancient Indians and Greeks into air, earth, fire, and water was more metaphysical."