"A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment."
Perceptual biases refer to systematic errors in our perception and interpretation of sensory information, often influenced by factors such as expectations, previous experiences, and cultural beliefs.
Sensation: The process by which our sensory organs receive stimuli from the environment and transmit them to the brain.
Perception: The process by which the brain interprets and organizes sensory information, giving it meaning and context.
Attention: The ability to focus on a specific sensory input and filter out distractions.
Selective attention: The ability to direct attention to specific sensory inputs while ignoring others.
Inattentional blindness: The phenomenon in which a person fails to notice an unexpected stimulus that is in plain sight because their attention is focused elsewhere.
Change blindness: The phenomenon in which a person fails to notice a change in their environment, even when that change is significant.
Confirmation bias: The tendency to seek out information that supports our pre-existing beliefs and discount information that contradicts them.
Hindsight bias: The tendency to believe that an event was predictable or inevitable after it has occurred.
Anchoring bias: The tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information received when making a decision.
Framing bias: The way in which information is presented can influence how people perceive and interpret it.
Illusory superiority: The tendency to overestimate one's abilities and underestimate the abilities of others.
Halo effect: The tendency to form a positive impression of a person based on a single favorable trait.
Stereotyping: The tendency to categorize people based on group membership and assign them characteristics based on that group membership.
Cultural biases: The ways in which culture shapes our perceptions and biases.
Personal biases: The ways in which our individual experiences and beliefs shape our perceptions and biases.
Confirmation Bias: This is the tendency to favor information that confirms one’s beliefs or preconceptions while ignoring information that contradicts them.
Selective Attention Bias: This occurs when the focus is on a particular aspect of stimuli while ignoring other relevant elements.
Halo Effect: This is the tendency to attribute positive qualities to someone based on one prominent trait or behavior.
Primacy Effect: This is the tendency to remember information that is presented first more than information presented later.
Recency Effect: This is the tendency to remember information that is presented last more than information presented earlier.
Illusory Correlation: This is the tendency to perceive a relationship between two variables that does not exist.
Anchoring Bias: This is the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions.
Contrast Effect: This is the tendency to perceive differences between stimuli that are presented together.
Framing Effect: This is the influence of presentation order and context on the perception of information.
Self-Serving Bias: This is the tendency to attribute personal success to internal factors and personal failures to external factors.
Hindsight Bias: This is the tendency to believe after an event has occurred that one would have predicted or expected that outcome.
Negativity Bias: This is the tendency to focus on and remember negative experiences, emotions, and information more than positive ones.
Stereotyping: This is the tendency to attribute certain qualities or characteristics to a group of people based on stereotypical beliefs.
Blind Spot Bias: This is the tendency to overlook or underestimate one’s own perceptual biases.
False Consensus Effect: This is the tendency to overestimate how much other people share one’s beliefs or attitudes.
Just-World Bias: This is the belief that individuals get what they deserve and that the world is fair.
Attribution Bias: This is the tendency to make assumptions about the causes of behavior without considering all available information.
Egocentric Bias: This is the tendency to over-attribute one’s own actions and behaviors to internal factors while attributing others’ actions to external factors.
Endowment Effect: This is the tendency to attribute more value to an object or item because it is owned by oneself.
Anchoring and Adjustment: This is the tendency to rely too heavily on an initial piece of information, and to adjust that information insufficiently to new information or circumstances.
"Individuals create their own 'subjective reality' from their perception of the input."
"An individual's construction of reality, not the objective input, may dictate their behavior in the world."
"Cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, and irrationality."
"While cognitive biases may initially appear to be negative, some are adaptive. They may lead to more effective actions in a given context."
"Allowing cognitive biases enables faster decisions which can be desirable when timeliness is more valuable than accuracy, as illustrated in heuristics."
"Other cognitive biases are a 'by-product' of human processing limitations, resulting from a lack of appropriate mental mechanisms (bounded rationality), the impact of an individual's constitution and biological state (see embodied cognition), or simply from a limited capacity for information processing."
"A continually evolving list of cognitive biases has been identified over the last six decades of research on human judgment and decision-making."
"The study of cognitive biases has practical implications for areas including clinical judgment, entrepreneurship, finance, and management."
"The study of cognitive biases has practical implications for areas including clinical judgment."
"The study of cognitive biases has practical implications for areas including clinical judgment, entrepreneurship, finance, and management."
"The study of cognitive biases has practical implications for areas including cognitive science, social psychology, and behavioral economics."
"Individuals create their own 'subjective reality' from their perception of the input."
"Other cognitive biases are a 'by-product' of human processing limitations, resulting from a limited capacity for information processing."
"Allowing cognitive biases enables faster decisions which can be desirable when timeliness is more valuable than accuracy, as illustrated in heuristics."
"While cognitive biases may initially appear to be negative, some are adaptive. They may lead to more effective actions in a given context."
"The study of cognitive biases has practical implications for areas including entrepreneurship."
"Other cognitive biases are a 'by-product' of human processing limitations, resulting from the impact of an individual's constitution and biological state (see embodied cognition)."
"Cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, and irrationality."
"The study of cognitive biases has practical implications for areas including finance."