"The executive functions are a set of cognitive processes that are necessary for the cognitive control of behavior: selecting and successfully monitoring behaviors that facilitate the attainment of chosen goals."
Executive function refers to a set of mental processes that involve cognitive control and the ability to manage one's thoughts, actions, and emotions to achieve goals.
Executive Function: Executive function refers to a set of mental processes that help individuals regulate their behavior, make decisions and plan for the future.
Working Memory: Working memory is the ability to hold and manipulate information in one's mind.
Inhibition: Inhibition refers to the ability to suppress impulsive or automatic responses in order to make a more considered response.
Cognitive Flexibility: Cognitive flexibility is the ability to switch between different tasks or ways of thinking.
Emotional Regulation: Emotional regulation refers to the ability to manage and control one's emotions in different situations.
Attentional Control: Attentional control refers to the ability to sustain focus and resist distraction in order to achieve goals.
Planning and Organization: Planning and organization refers to the ability to identify goals, break them down into smaller steps, and create a plan of action to achieve them.
Time Management: Time management refers to the ability to prioritize tasks and allocate time effectively in order to meet deadlines or achieve goals.
Metacognition: Metacognition refers to the ability to reflect on one's own thoughts and thoughts, and to monitor one's own performance in order to improve it.
Self-motivation: Self-motivation refers to the ability to motivate oneself to complete tasks and achieve goals without external prompting or reinforcement.
Working Memory Capacity: Working memory capacity refers to the maximum amount of information that can be held in working memory at any given time.
Sensory Integration: Sensory integration refers to the process by which the brain combines information from different sensory modalities (such as vision, hearing, touch) in order to form a coherent perceptual experience.
Perceptual Organization: Perceptual organization refers to the way in which the brain groups individual sensory inputs into larger, meaningful perceptual units (such as objects or scenes).
Bottom-Up Processing: Bottom-up processing refers to the way in which perceptual experiences are built up from individual sensory inputs, without any prior knowledge or expectation.
Top-Down Processing: Top-down processing refers to the way in which prior knowledge, expectations, or context can influence the way in which sensory inputs are interpreted and processed.
Attentional Bias: Attentional bias refers to the tendency for attention to be selectively directed towards certain kinds of information, based on personal preference, relevance or emotional salience.
Perception Disorder: Perception disorders refer to abnormal or impaired processing of sensory information, leading to difficulties with perception, comprehension or recognition of sensory stimuli.
Developmental Disorders: Developmental disorders refer to a range of conditions that primarily affect brain development and function, leading to impairments in executive functioning and sensory processing.
Working memory: It is the capacity to hold and manipulate information in mind over short periods.
Attentional control: It is the ability to focus attention, ignore distractions, and shift focus as required.
Inhibitory control: It is the capacity to suppress inappropriate or automatic responses or behaviors.
Cognitive flexibility: It is the ability to adapt to changing situations or demands by shifting cognitive strategies or perspectives.
Problem-solving: It is the capacity to identify problems, plan solutions and carry out responses that lead to desired outcomes.
"Executive functions include basic cognitive processes such as attentional control, cognitive inhibition, inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility."
"Higher-order executive functions require the simultaneous use of multiple basic executive functions and include planning and fluid intelligence (e.g., reasoning and problem-solving)."
"Executive functions gradually develop and change across the lifespan of an individual and can be improved at any time over the course of a person's life."
"These cognitive processes can be adversely affected by a variety of events which affect an individual."
"Neuropsychological tests (e.g., the Stroop test) and rating scales (e.g., the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function) are used to measure executive functions."
"Cognitive control and stimulus control... compete over the control of an individual's elicited behaviors."
"Inhibitory control is necessary for overriding stimulus-driven behavioral responses (stimulus control of behavior)."
"The prefrontal cortex is necessary but not solely sufficient for executive functions; for example, the caudate nucleus and subthalamic nucleus also have a role in mediating inhibitory control."
"Cognitive control is impaired in addiction, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, and a number of other central nervous system disorders."
"Stimulus-driven behavioral responses that are associated with a particular rewarding stimulus tend to dominate one's behavior in an addiction." (Note: The remaining questions are extensions of the previous ones, so the same quotes can answer them as well.)