"Data collection or data gathering is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established system, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes."
This topic includes self-report, behavioral observation, physiological measures, and archival research.
Sampling methods: This topic deals with the various techniques used for selecting participants from a population for research purposes. Different types of sampling methods like random sampling, stratified sampling, etc. are explored.
Variables: This topic describes the different types of variables used in research and their role in influencing research outcomes. It covers independent, dependent, and control variables.
Data collection instruments: This topic covers the tools and techniques that are used for collecting data, such as questionnaires, interviews, observation, and tests. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each method.
Data analysis techniques: This topic explores the different techniques used for analyzing data, such as descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and multivariate techniques.
Ethical issues in data collection: This topic focuses on the ethical considerations involved in data collection, such as obtaining informed consent, safeguarding privacy, and ensuring confidentiality.
Reliability and validity: This topic discusses the concepts of reliability and validity and their importance in research methodology. It covers different methods for measuring reliability and validity.
Research design: This topic deals with different research models like cross-sectional, longitudinal, experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational, etc. It explains how to choose the right design for a given research question.
Data management: This topic explains how to manage data collected during research, including data entry, coding, storage, and retrieval.
Data presentation: This topic covers the different ways of presenting data, such as tables, graphs, and charts, and how to choose the appropriate method for different types of data.
Data reporting: This topic deals with the various methods of reporting research findings, such as research papers, conference presentations, and technical reports. It covers the best practices for presenting data and the importance of clear communication of results.
Observation: This involves collecting data by watching individuals or groups in their natural settings without influencing their behavior. Examples include ethnography, participant observation, and field studies.
Surveys and Questionnaires: These are standardized sets of questions that are given to a sample of respondents to gather information about their attitudes, behaviors, opinions, and beliefs.
Case Studies: An in-depth examination of a single individual, a small group, or a particular phenomenon. It is useful for understanding complex human behavior that cannot be easily replicated in a laboratory setting.
Interviews: Conversations between researchers and participants to gather data on their experiences, opinions, and attitudes. These can be structured, semi-structured or unstructured.
Experiments: A research design where one or more independent variables are manipulated to investigate their effect on a dependent variable.
Correlational Studies: A research design that examines the relationship between two or more variables, without manipulating any of the variables.
Longitudinal Studies: Research designs that track changes in behavior and thinking over time. Participants are observed at several points in time.
Psychophysiological Methods: These techniques measure the physiological processes that are associated with human emotions, thinking and behavior. Examples include electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiography (ECG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Archival Research: This involves analyzing existing sources of data, such as public records, historical documents, and audio-visual materials, for the purpose of gaining insights into human behavior.
Content Analysis: A research method used to analyze and interpret the meanings and patterns that can be found in written, verbal, or visual communication.
"Data collection is a research component in all study fields, including physical and social sciences, humanities, and business."
"While methods vary by discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same."
"The goal for all data collection is to capture evidence that allows data analysis to lead to the formulation of credible answers to the questions that have been posed."
"Regardless of the field of or preference for defining data (quantitative or qualitative), accurate data collection is essential to maintain research integrity."
"The selection of appropriate data collection instruments (existing, modified, or newly developed) and delineated instructions for their correct use reduce the likelihood of errors."