- "Cross-cultural psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes, including both their variability and invariance, under diverse cultural conditions."
Examining how cultural differences influence the development and expression of personality traits, as well as how different cultures conceptualize and represent personality.
Culture: The variation in beliefs, practices, traditions, and values that define different societies or communities.
Personality: The dynamic organization of an individual's unique patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that shapes their characteristic adaptation to the world around them.
Cultural psychology: The study of how culture shapes individual and collective behavior and mental processes, including communication patterns, social norms, and self-construal.
Cross-cultural psychology: The study of similarities and differences in psychological processes among individuals and groups from different cultural backgrounds.
Cultural dimensions: The core cultural values and assumptions that influence the ways in which people perceive and interpret the world around them, such as individualism-collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity-femininity.
Acculturation: The process of adapting to a new culture and acquiring the values, beliefs, and behaviors of that culture.
Cultural identity: The sense of belongingness and attachment that individuals feel toward their cultural heritage, language, traditions, and customs.
Ethnic identity: The sense of belongingness and attachment that individuals feel toward their ethnic group, including their ancestral heritage, cultural practices, and shared history.
Cultural competence: The ability to effectively navigate and interact with people from different cultural backgrounds, including sensitivity to cultural norms, respect for diversity, and a willingness to learn and adapt.
Cross-cultural communication: The exchange of ideas, thoughts, and information across cultural boundaries, including verbal and nonverbal communication, misunderstandings, and cultural biases.
Stereotypes and prejudices: The negative and often inaccurate beliefs and attitudes that individuals hold about members of other cultural groups, which can lead to discrimination, bias, and conflict.
Intercultural relationships: The formation, maintenance, and dissolution of relationships between individuals from different cultural backgrounds, including the challenges and benefits of cross-cultural communication and understanding.
Globalization and diversity: The impact of globalization on cultural identity, diversity, and attitudes toward cultural values and beliefs, including the potential for cultural conflicts and the need for global solutions to cross-cultural challenges.
Cross-cultural research methods: The methods and tools used to investigate the similarities and differences in psychological processes across cultures, including cross-cultural surveys, ethnography, and experimental designs.
Trait Psychology: This type of psychology focuses on identifying universal personality traits across cultures.
Cultural Psychology: Cultural psychology studies how culture shapes personality development and how different cultures have different expressions of personality.
Indigenous Psychology: This type of psychology studies the unique personality beliefs and theories of different cultures.
Comparing Personalities Across Cultures: This type of psychology compares the personality differences between cultures, examining the degree to which different personality traits exist in different cultures.
Multicultural Psychology: This type of psychology focuses on the intersection of culture and personality, seeking to understand how different cultures express and understand personality in different ways.
Acculturation Psychology: This is a subfield of multicultural psychology dealing with how individuals adapt to living in a new culture and how their personality changes as a result.
- "Many attempts to replicate notable experiments in other cultures had varying success, leading to concerns about the universality of psychological constructs."
- "Through expanding research methodologies to recognize cultural variance in behavior, language, and meaning, it seeks to extend and develop psychology."
- "Cross-cultural psychology re-examines theories dealing with central themes, such as affect, cognition, conceptions of the self, and issues such as psychopathology, anxiety, and depression."
- "Some critics have pointed to methodological flaws in cross-cultural psychological research and claim that serious shortcomings in the theoretical and methodological bases used impede, rather than help, the scientific search for universal principles in psychology."
- "While cross-cultural psychology represented only a minor area of psychology prior to WWII, it began to grow in importance during the 1960s."
- "In 1971, the interdisciplinary Society for Cross-Cultural Research (SCCR) was founded."
- "Cross-cultural psychology includes a search for possible universals in behavior and mental processes."
- "Cross-cultural psychology is differentiated from cultural psychology, which refers to the branch of psychology that holds that human behavior is strongly influenced by cultural differences, meaning that psychological phenomena can only be compared with each other across cultures to a limited extent."
- "Cross-cultural psychology seeks to factor in cultural differences in behavior, language, and meaning when examining psychological theories."
- "In 1972, the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology (IACCP) was established."
- "Cross-cultural psychology has expanded as there has been an increasing popularity of incorporating culture and diversity into studies of numerous psychological phenomena."
- "International psychology centers around the global expansion of psychology, especially during recent decades."
- "Cross-cultural psychology, cultural psychology, and international psychology are united by a common concern for expanding psychology into a universal discipline capable of understanding psychological phenomena across cultures and in a global context."
- "Cross-cultural psychologists are turning more to the study of how differences occur, rather than searching for universals in the style of physics or chemistry."
- "Cross-cultural psychology can be thought of as a type [of] research methodology, rather than an entirely separate field within psychology."
- "The increasing popularity of incorporating culture and diversity into studies of numerous psychological phenomena has led to the continued expansion of cross-cultural psychology."
- "Cross-cultural psychology recognizes that attempts to replicate notable experiments in other cultures have varying success, questioning the assumed universality of psychological constructs."
- "The interdisciplinary Society for Cross-Cultural Research (SCCR) was founded in 1971."
- "There are questions as to whether theories dealing with central themes... may lack external validity when 'exported' to other cultural contexts."