"Memory consolidation is a category of processes that stabilize a memory trace after its initial acquisition."
The process of stabilizing and strengthening new memories over time.
Encoding: The process of transforming sensory information into memory representations that can be stored and retrieved later.
Retrieval: The process of accessing or recovering stored memories.
Consolidation: The process of strengthening or stabilizing newly formed memories over time.
Forgetting: The process of losing or being unable to retrieve a memory that was previously stored.
Long-term Potentiation: A biological process that increases the strength of connections between neurons in the brain, which is believed to underlie the consolidation of memories.
Sleep: A critical period of memory consolidation, where memories are replayed and reinforced during various stages of sleep.
Hippocampus: A brain region that is important for the formation and consolidation of new memories.
Prefrontal Cortex: A brain region that is important for the retrieval and manipulation of memories.
Emotional Memory: Memories that are strengthened by emotional arousal, and can be more resistant to forgetting.
Episodic Memory: Memories for specific events or experiences, which are organized into a narrative structure.
Semantic Memory: Memories for general knowledge and concepts, such as language, facts, and meanings.
Medial Temporal Lobe: A brain region that is important for the consolidation of memory, including the hippocampus and adjacent structures.
Retrograde Amnesia: A condition where individuals are unable to recall memories from before an injury or trauma.
Anterograde Amnesia: A condition where individuals are unable to form new memories after an injury or trauma.
Reconsolidation: The process of re-strengthening memories during retrieval, which can make them more resistant to forgetting.
Consolidation Theory: A theoretical framework that explains how memories are initially encoded and later strengthened for recall.
Contextual Learning: The process of encoding memories with contextual cues, which can enhance their retrieval.
Interference: The process by which competing or similar memories can interfere with each other, leading to forgetting or confusion.
Working Memory: A limited capacity system that is used to hold and manipulate information for short periods of time.
Explicit Memory: Conscious or intentional memory that can be recalled with effort, such as declarative memory, for example, facts and events.
Standard/hippocampal-dependent consolidation: This type of consolidation involves the hippocampus and occurs during the initial learning of information.
Synaptic consolidation: This type of consolidation occurs at the synapse level and involves the strengthening of connections between neurons.
Systems consolidation: This type of consolidation involves the transfer of memory from the hippocampus to other brain regions for long-term storage.
Sleep-dependent consolidation: This type of consolidation occurs during sleep and is believed to involve the reactivation of neural patterns associated with previously learned material.
Time-dependent consolidation: This type of consolidation involves the gradual strengthening of memories over time.
Reconsolidation: This type of consolidation occurs when a previously consolidated memory is recalled and undergoes a process of reanalysis and reconsolidation.
Memory stabilization: This type of consolidation involves the maintenance and protection of a consolidated memory over time, preventing it from being overwritten or forgotten.
Trace transformation: This type of consolidation involves the transformation of a short-term memory trace into a long-term memory trace.
Memory extinction: This type of consolidation occurs when a previously consolidated memory is suppressed or erased due to new learning.
Memory reactivation: This type of consolidation occurs when a previously consolidated memory is retrieved, leading to its strengthening and reconsolidation.
"A memory trace is a change in the nervous system caused by memorizing something."
"Consolidation is distinguished into two specific processes."
"The first, synaptic consolidation, which is thought to correspond to late-phase long-term potentiation, occurs on a small scale in the synaptic connections and neural circuits within the first few hours after learning."
"Synaptic consolidation occurs on a small scale in the synaptic connections and neural circuits."
"Synaptic consolidation occurs within the first few hours after learning."
"The second process is systems consolidation, occurring on a much larger scale in the brain, rendering hippocampus-dependent memories independent of the hippocampus over a period of weeks to years."
"Systems consolidation occurs on a much larger scale in the brain compared to synaptic consolidation."
"Systems consolidation occurs over a period of weeks to years."
"Reconsolidation is a third process that has become the focus of research, in which previously consolidated memories can be made labile again through reactivation of the memory trace." Note: The paragraph does not provide quotes directly answering the remaining questions, but I can provide the answers based on the information provided.
Late-phase long-term potentiation is a process that synaptic consolidation is thought to correspond to.
Synaptic consolidation occurs on a small scale in synaptic connections and neural circuits, while systems consolidation occurs on a much larger scale in the brain.
Initially, hippocampus-dependent memories are consolidated, but over time, systems consolidation renders them independent of the hippocampus.
Synaptic consolidation occurs within the first few hours after learning.
Synaptic consolidation occurs within hours, while systems consolidation takes weeks to years.
The reactivation of the memory trace can make previously consolidated memories labile again.
Reconsolidation refers to the process of activating previously consolidated memories, while initial consolidation refers to stabilizing a memory trace after acquisition.
The three categories of memory consolidation are synaptic consolidation, systems consolidation, and reconsolidation.
Memory consolidation stabilizes a memory trace after its initial acquisition.
Synaptic consolidation occurs on a small scale in synaptic connections and neural circuits, while systems consolidation occurs on a much larger scale in the brain.