"Research design refers to the overall strategy utilized to carry out research that defines a succinct and logical plan to tackle established research question(s) through the collection, interpretation, analysis, and discussion of data."
The overall plan or strategy chosen to answer a specific research question, which includes the selection of participants, measures, procedures, and data analysis techniques.
Hypothesis formulation: This involves stating a clear and testable research question, and developing a hypothesis that can be used to guide the research.
Literature review: This entails conducting a thorough analysis of existing research on the topic of interest, to identify gaps in knowledge and areas of controversy.
Sampling and sample size determination: This refers to identifying the desired population for the study, selecting a representative sample, and determining an appropriate sample size to ensure statistical power.
Variables and operationalization: The study must identify relevant variables, and operationalize them in a way that can be measured and analyzed.
Experimental design: The study design describes how the research will be conducted, including the independent and dependent variables, groups, treatments or interventions, and control conditions.
Random assignment and control: Random assignment ensures that participants are assigned to groups in a random and unbiased way, while control conditions are used to compare results to those of a baseline or control group.
Data collection: The standard data collection methods in experimental psychology include surveys, questionnaires, interviews, observation, and experimental manipulation.
Statistical analysis: This involves analyzing the data collected, including the interpretation and presentation of results, and determining the statistical significance of the findings.
Replication and reliability: Replication ensures that the findings of the study can be reproduced, while reliability refers to the consistency and stability of the results obtained.
Ethical considerations: This applies to conducting research with human subjects, and includes obtaining adequate informed consent, protecting participant confidentiality and privacy, and minimizing risks to the participants.
True Experimental Design: This design is the most rigorous of all and includes random assignment of subjects to groups, manipulation of one independent variable, and control over extraneous variables. The design allows inference of cause and effect relationships.
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT): This design involves random assignment of participants to groups and manipulation of an independent variable. Participants are randomly assigned to either the control or intervention groups. RCTs are used to test the effectiveness of different treatments or interventions.
Quasi-Experimental Design: This design lacks random assignment of participants to groups but still includes manipulation of one independent variable. There is limited control over extraneous variables, making it difficult to infer causality.
single-subject design: This design focuses on one individual and involves repeated measurements of the dependent variable over time. Participants serve as their own controls, allowing for a more complete understanding of the effects of the independent variable.
Correlational Design: This design focuses on the relationships between two or more variables without manipulation of independent variables. This design is often used to investigate the relationship between two variables in a naturalistic setting.
Survey Design: This design involves a questionnaire or interview to collect data on participant’s attitudes, beliefs, or opinions. The design is used to explore the subjective experiences and opinions of participants.
Case Study Design: This design involves the detailed examination of one (or more) individuals or groups with unique characteristics. This design is often used to investigate rare, unusual, or extreme behaviors.
Longitudinal Design: This design involves measuring the same variables in participants over an extended period of time. Researchers can observe changes in behavior or attitudes over time.
Cross-Sectional Design: This design focuses on the comparison of individuals from different age groups or social groups at one point in time. This design is often used to investigate social, cultural, or developmental differences.
Meta-Analysis: This design combines and analyses data from multiple studies to determine relationships between variables. It allows researchers to examine the combined findings across different studies.
"Incorporated in the design of a research study will depend on the standpoint of the researcher over their beliefs in the nature of knowledge (see epistemology) and reality (see ontology), often shaped by the disciplinary areas the researcher belongs to."
"...often shaped by the disciplinary areas the researcher belongs to."
"The design of a study defines the study type (descriptive, correlational, semi-experimental, experimental, review, meta-analytic) and sub-type (e.g., descriptive-longitudinal case study), research problem, hypotheses, independent and dependent variables, experimental design, and, if applicable, data collection methods and a statistical analysis plan."
"The design of a study defines the study type, research problem, hypotheses, independent and dependent variables, experimental design, and, if applicable, data collection methods and a statistical analysis plan."
"A research design is a framework that has been created to find answers to research questions."
"...defines a succinct and logical plan to tackle established research question(s) through the collection, interpretation, analysis, and discussion of data."
"Incorporated in the design of a research study will depend on the standpoint of the researcher over their beliefs in the nature of knowledge (see epistemology)..."
"Incorporated in the design of a research study will depend on the standpoint of the researcher over their beliefs in the... reality (see ontology)..."
"The design of a study defines the study type (descriptive, correlational, semi-experimental, experimental, review, meta-analytic) and sub-type..."
"The design of a study defines the study type (descriptive, correlational, semi-experimental, experimental, review, meta-analytic)..."
"...if applicable, data collection methods..."
"...and, if applicable, a statistical analysis plan."
"The design of a study defines the study type (descriptive, correlational, semi-experimental, experimental, review, meta-analytic) and sub-type (e.g., descriptive-longitudinal case study), research problem, hypotheses, independent and dependent variables, experimental design..."
"The design of a study... defines... hypotheses..."
"The design of a study defines... independent and dependent variables..."
"The design of a study defines... experimental design..."
"The design of a study defines... interpretation..."
"The design of a study defines... analysis..."
"The design of a study defines... discussion..." (Please note that the provided quotes are edited versions of the original paragraph to fit within the word limit for a single response.)