- "Public policy is an institutionalized proposal or a decided set of elements like laws, regulations, guidelines, and actions to solve or address relevant and real-world problems, guided by a conception and often implemented by programs."
The study of government policies and decision-making processes.
Policy Analysis: Policy analysis is the process of identifying and evaluating possible solutions to a particular policy problem.
Policy Implementation: Policy implementation refers to the process of putting an adopted policy into action.
Public Budgeting and Finance: Public budgeting and finance focuses on the ways in which governments finance their programs and services, and how they allocate resources.
Public Management: Public management encompasses the strategies and techniques used to efficiently and effectively manage public organizations and agencies.
Public Sector Economics: Public sector economics focuses on the economic principles and policy issues related to the public sector.
Intergovernmental Relations: Intergovernmental relations refers to the ways in which different levels of government interact and collaborate.
Public Policy and Law: Public policy and law concerns the legal framework and processes that shape public policies.
Public Social Policy: Public social policy focuses on policies related to social welfare, including issues related to poverty, housing, and education.
Public Health Policy: Public health policy is concerned with the development and implementation of policies aimed at improving the health and well-being of the population.
Environmental Policy: Environmental policy deals with policies aimed at protecting natural resources and addressing environmental challenges such as climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss.
International and Comparative Public Policy: International and comparative public policy focuses on the ways in which policies differ across countries and how they can be effectively compared and evaluated.
Public Opinion and Political Participation: Public opinion and political participation examines the ways in which citizens shape public policies through their opinions, activism, and other forms of political participation.
Political Institutions and Processes: Political institutions and processes refer to the formal and informal structures of government and the ways in which they shape the policy-making process.
Leadership and Decision-Making: Leadership and decision-making explores the roles of leaders and decision-makers in developing and implementing public policies.
Ethics in Public Policy: Ethics in public policy concerns the moral and ethical principles that guide the development and execution of public policies.
Economic Policy: Deals with the way the government manages the economy by increasing or decreasing taxes, regulations, and government spending.
Social Policy: Deals with issues related to the welfare of society, including healthcare, education, poverty relief, and social security.
Environmental Policy: Concerned with preserving and protecting the natural environment, promoting sustainability, and mitigating climate change.
Foreign Policy: Involves the government's role and relationships with other nations and international organizations regarding security, trade, diplomacy, and aid.
Housing Policy: Deals with strategies for addressing affordable housing issues, including housing grants, low-income housing tax credits (LIHTCs), and public housing programs.
Agricultural Policy: Manage and develop rural areas, stock market quotas, and income support programs for farmers.
Healthcare Policy: Covers everything from insurance regulation to public health initiatives that improve the health and well-being of a population.
Education Policy: Deals with the development and implementation of educational curricula to students of all levels of education.
Criminal Justice Policy: The set of policies that govern the criminal justice system, including police, courts, and corrections.
Science and Technology Policy: Concerned with policies that encourage research and promote scientific and technological advancement of the country.
- "They are created and/or enacted on behalf of the public typically by a government."
- "Sometimes they are made by nonprofit organizations or are made in co-production with communities or citizens."
- "They can include potential experts, scientists, engineers, and stakeholders or scientific data, or sometimes use some of their results."
- "There are many actors: elected politicians, political party leaders, pressure groups, civil servants, publicly employed professionals, judges, non-governmental organizations, international agencies, academic experts, journalists, and even sometimes citizens."
- "A popular way of understanding and engaging in public policy is through a series of stages known as 'the policy cycle.'"
- "A basic sequence is agenda setting, policy formulation, legitimation, implementation, and evaluation."
- "Officials considered as policymakers bear responsibility to reflect the interests of a host of different stakeholders."
- "Policy design entails a conscious and deliberate effort to define policy aims and map them instrumentally."
- "Academics and other experts in policy studies have developed a range of tools and approaches to help in this task."
- "The implementation of public policy is known as public administration."
- "Public policy can be considered to be the sum of a government's direct and indirect activities and has been conceptualized in a variety of ways."
- "They are typically made by policymakers affiliated with currently elected politicians."
- "They are made in co-production with communities or citizens, which can include potential experts, scientists, engineers, and stakeholders."
- "Even sometimes citizens who see themselves as the passive recipients of policy."
- "Policy design entails a conscious and deliberate effort to define policy aims and map them instrumentally."
- "It divides the policy process into a series of stages, from a notional starting point at which policymakers begin to think about a policy problem to a notional end point at which a policy has been implemented and policymakers think about how successful it has been before deciding what to do next."
- "They are guided by a conception and often implemented by programs."
- "Academic experts have developed a range of tools and approaches to help in this task."
- "Policymakers think about how successful it has been before deciding what to do next."