"Political violence is violence which is perpetrated in order to achieve political goals."
The understanding of the psychological factors that contribute to political violence and how they may be addressed through conflict resolution and intervention strategies.
Power dynamics: Understanding how power is distributed and maintained within societies and how it contributes to conflict and violence.
Types of violence: Familiarizing with the different forms of violence, including physical, structural, and cultural violence.
Conflict resolution techniques: Knowing how to de-escalate conflicts and resolve disputes through negotiation, mediation, and other means.
Identity politics: The role of ethnicity, race, religion, and other identity markers in perpetuating political violence and fueling conflicts.
Terrorism: Understanding the political motivations behind terrorist acts and how it impacts international relations and domestic policies.
Peacekeeping and peacebuilding: Analyzing the effectiveness of peacekeeping operations and the challenges of building sustainable peace.
Genocide and ethnic cleansing: Examining the causes and consequences of mass violence against specific populations based on their ethnic or religious identity.
Human rights violations: The violation of basic human rights, including civil and political rights, and how it contributes to political violence and conflict.
Psychological theories of conflict and violence: The role of emotions, perceptions, and beliefs in fueling conflicts and fostering violence.
International relations: Understanding the ways in which states interact with one another and how they influence the escalation or de-escalation of conflicts.
Conflict transformation: How to transform conflict into opportunities for positive change and promote social justice and inclusion.
Gender and conflict: The intersection of gender and political violence, including sexual violence and the role of women in conflict resolution.
Nonviolent resistance: Examining the effectiveness of nonviolent resistance and the ways in which it differs from violent resistance.
Humanitarian intervention: The concept of intervening in a conflict to protect civilians and how it relates to issues of sovereignty and international law.
Transitional justice: The means by which societies address past human rights violations and promote reconciliation in post-conflict societies.
Verbal aggression: Verbal aggression is the use of words to attack, criticize, or belittle another person.
Physical aggression: Physical aggression involves the use of force, including hitting, pushing, or otherwise physically harming another person.
Structural violence: Structural violence is the use of political, social, or economic structures to create or perpetuate conditions that harm individuals or groups.
Terrorism: Terrorism is the use of violence for political ends. It is intended to instill fear in a larger population beyond the immediate targets of the violence.
War: War is a violent conflict between two or more nations, states, or other organizations that often involve the use of military force.
Nonviolent resistance: Nonviolent resistance is a strategy used to achieve political or social goals without violence. This often involves civil disobedience, protests, and other forms of well-organized and disciplined action.
Mediation: Mediation is a form of conflict resolution that involves the use of a neutral third party to help facilitate communication and negotiation between conflicting parties.
Negotiation: Negotiation is a process used to resolve conflicts through mutual bargaining and compromise.
Arbitration: Arbitration is a form of conflict resolution that involves the use of a neutral third party to make a binding decision regarding a dispute.
Reconciliation: Reconciliation is a process of restoring relationships and building trust between conflicting parties. It involves acknowledging past wrongs and working toward a shared vision for the future.
Transformation: Transformation is a process of changing the underlying social or political structures that contribute to conflict. It often involves promoting social justice, equality, and respect for human rights.
Peacekeeping: Peacekeeping involves the deployment of a neutral third party to monitor and help maintain peace in an area of conflict.
Humanitarian intervention: Humanitarian intervention involves the use of military force by one nation or group to protect civilians in another nation or group from harm.
International criminal justice: International criminal justice involves the use of legal mechanisms to hold individuals or groups accountable for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and other forms of political violence.
"...forced disappearance, psychological warfare, police brutality, targeted assassinations, torture, ethnic cleansing, or genocide."
"...kidnappings, targeted assassinations, terrorist attacks, torture, psychological and/or guerrilla warfare."
"Rebellion, rioting, treason, or coup d'etat."
"It can describe violence which is used against other non-state actors and/or civilians."
"...refusing to alleviate famine or otherwise denying resources to politically identifiable groups within their territory."
"Political violence often takes the form of asymmetric warfare where neither side is able to directly assault the other, instead relying on tactics such as guerrilla warfare and terrorism."
"It can often include attacks on civilian or otherwise non-combatant targets."
"People may be targeted collectively based on perception of being part of a social, ethnic, religious, or political group; or selectively, targeting specific individuals for actions that are perceived as challenging someone or aiding an opponent."
"Many politically motivated militant, insurgent, extremist, and/or fundamentalist groups and individuals are convinced that the states and political systems under which they live will never respond to their demands, and they thus believe that the only way to overthrow and/or reshape the government... is through violent means."
"Similarly, many governments around the world believe that they need to use violence in order to intimidate their populaces into acquiescence."
"At other times, governments use force in order to defend their countries from outside invasions or other threats of force and coerce other governments or conquer territory."
"Political violence can include violence which is used by a state against other states, violence which is used by a state against civilians and non-state actors, and violence which is used by violent non-state actors against states and civilians."
"...forced disappearance, psychological warfare, police brutality, targeted assassinations, torture, ethnic cleansing, or genocide."
"...kidnappings, targeted assassinations, terrorist attacks, torture, psychological and/or guerrilla warfare."
"Rebellion, rioting, treason, or coup d'etat."
"It can describe violence which is used against other non-state actors and/or civilians."
"...refusing to alleviate famine or otherwise denying resources to politically identifiable groups within their territory."
"Political violence often takes the form of asymmetric warfare where neither side is able to directly assault the other, instead relying on tactics such as guerrilla warfare and terrorism."
"It can often include attacks on civilian or otherwise non-combatant targets."