- "Public policy is an institutionalized proposal or a decided set of elements like laws, regulations, guidelines, and actions to solve or address relevant and real-world problems, guided by a conception and often implemented by programs."
An analysis of the ways in which government policies are formed and implemented, including the role of interest groups, public opinion, and other factors that shape policy outcomes.
Public Policy: This is the study and analysis of the policies implemented by the government or other public institutions, with a focus on their impact on society.
Political Science: The study of political systems, political behavior, and the workings of government.
Political Philosophy: The exploration of the ethical and moral underpinnings of political systems and government.
Public Administration: The management of public resources and the implementation of public policies.
Ethics in public policy: Considerations about the moral and ethical dimensions of public policy, for example, whether a policy is fair, just, or humane.
Comparative politics: A subfield of political science that examines the similarities and differences between different political systems and governments.
International relations: The study of the relationships between different countries, including the role of international organizations and institutions.
Economic policy: The study of how economic policies impact society, including macroeconomic policies such as monetary and fiscal policy.
Environmental policy: The consideration of policies and their effectiveness in addressing climate change, pollution, and environmental degradation.
Health policy: The examination of policies that govern healthcare delivery, access, and financing.
Social welfare policy: The investigation of policies that support the welfare of society's most vulnerable members, including those in poverty or with disabilities.
Education policy: The analysis of policies aimed at improving education systems, including issues such as access and quality.
Criminal justice policy: Exploration of the criminal justice system and the policies aimed to prevent crime and protect public safety.
Urban policy: The study of policies that govern the functioning of cities, including issues such as housing, transportation, and infrastructure.
Media and politics: The examination of the impact of media on political processes and policymaking.
Economic Policy: Policies that are directly related to the ways in which a country's economy is managed, including taxes, budgets, and regulatory measures.
Social Policy: Policies that deal with the welfare of society, including education, health care, social security, and other related services.
Environmental Policy: Policies that aim to protect and preserve the natural environment, such as clean air and water policies, wildlife management, and climate change mitigation measures.
Foreign Policy: Policies that govern a country's relationships with other nations and international organizations, including diplomatic, economic, and military actions.
Defense Policy: Policies that deal with issues related to national security, including military operations, weapons development, and strategic alliances.
Immigration Policy: Policies that govern the movement of people across borders, including visa requirements, refugee resettlement, and naturalization processes.
Criminal Justice Policy: Policies that guide law enforcement and criminal justice systems, including punishment and rehabilitation programs, policing strategies, and court procedures.
Health Policy: Policies that relate to the provision of health care services, including health insurance, public health programs, and medical research.
Energy Policy: Policies that address issues related to energy production, distribution, and consumption, including renewable energy incentives, fossil fuel regulation, and energy efficiency standards.
Education Policy: Policies that govern the delivery of education services, such as curriculum standards, funding mechanisms, and educator training programs.
- "They are created and/or enacted on behalf of the public typically by a government."
- "Sometimes they are made by nonprofit organizations or are made in co-production with communities or citizens."
- "They can include potential experts, scientists, engineers, and stakeholders or scientific data, or sometimes use some of their results."
- "There are many actors: elected politicians, political party leaders, pressure groups, civil servants, publicly employed professionals, judges, non-governmental organizations, international agencies, academic experts, journalists, and even sometimes citizens."
- "A popular way of understanding and engaging in public policy is through a series of stages known as 'the policy cycle.'"
- "A basic sequence is agenda setting, policy formulation, legitimation, implementation, and evaluation."
- "Officials considered as policymakers bear responsibility to reflect the interests of a host of different stakeholders."
- "Policy design entails a conscious and deliberate effort to define policy aims and map them instrumentally."
- "Academics and other experts in policy studies have developed a range of tools and approaches to help in this task."
- "The implementation of public policy is known as public administration."
- "Public policy can be considered to be the sum of a government's direct and indirect activities and has been conceptualized in a variety of ways."
- "They are typically made by policymakers affiliated with currently elected politicians."
- "They are made in co-production with communities or citizens, which can include potential experts, scientists, engineers, and stakeholders."
- "Even sometimes citizens who see themselves as the passive recipients of policy."
- "Policy design entails a conscious and deliberate effort to define policy aims and map them instrumentally."
- "It divides the policy process into a series of stages, from a notional starting point at which policymakers begin to think about a policy problem to a notional end point at which a policy has been implemented and policymakers think about how successful it has been before deciding what to do next."
- "They are guided by a conception and often implemented by programs."
- "Academic experts have developed a range of tools and approaches to help in this task."
- "Policymakers think about how successful it has been before deciding what to do next."