- "Public policy is an institutionalized proposal or a decided set of elements like laws, regulations, guidelines, and actions to solve or address relevant and real-world problems, guided by a conception and often implemented by programs."
Public policy making and implementation refers to the processes and actions involved in formulating and executing governmental decisions and initiatives to address societal challenges and public needs.
Introduction to Public Policy Making and Implementation: An overview of the concept of public policy making and implementation, its importance, and the key actors involved in the process.
Policy Making Process: An understanding of the policy-making process, including its stages and challenges faced in each stage, including policy formation, adoption, implementation, and evaluation.
Policy Analysis: The methods, tools, and techniques used to analyze public policies are an essential part of effective policy-making. This topic includes different approaches to policy analysis, such as cost-benefit analysis, impact assessment, and stakeholder analysis.
Comparative Public Policy: Comparative analysis of policies across different countries or regions. This topic aims to understand the similarities and differences in policies adopted by different states, evaluate their impact and the reasons behind their variations.
Institutions and Governance: An understanding of the nature and role of public institutions and governance structures in policy making and implementation, including executive, legislative, and judicial branches, bureaucracy, civil society, and interest groups.
Market Mechanisms and Public Policy: The interaction between markets and public policies, how the market reacts to public policies, and the role of public policies in addressing market failures.
Public Finance: Fiscal policy, taxation, and other financial instruments in public policy-making.
Policy Evaluation: An understanding of different methods of policy evaluation, including impact assessment, performance evaluation, and cost-benefit analysis.
Social Welfare Policies: Public policies aimed at reducing poverty and social inequality, addressing the needs of vulnerable populations and promoting social inclusion.
Environmental Policy: An understanding of the policy measures aimed at addressing environmental problems such as climate change, pollution, and resource depletion.
Health Policy: An understanding of the public policies aimed at promoting public health, controlling infectious diseases, and ensuring universal access to healthcare services.
Education Policy: An understanding of public policies aimed at improving access to and quality of education and reducing educational inequality.
Foreign Policy: An understanding of the policies nations adopt towards other nations, which could include sanctions, treaties, or military action.
Intergovernmental Relations: The coordination and collaboration between different levels of governments in policy-making, distribution of resources and delivery of services.
Global Governance and International Relations: An understanding of international institutions, policies, and actors and their impact on national public policies.
Participatory Policy Making: Involves active involvement and collaboration with the public, stakeholders, and civil society groups.
Elite Policy Making: Involves a small group of professional policymakers or political leaders who make key policy decisions.
Bureaucratic Policy Making: Involves bureaucrats or executive agencies that create policies and implement them.
Institutional Policy Making: Involves decision making by courts, legislatures, and other formal institutions that shape policy outcomes.
Corporatist Policy Making: Involves cooperation among major interest groups, industry associations, and trade unions, with the aim of achieving consensus on policy decisions.
Market-Oriented Policy Making: Involves using market mechanisms such as privatization, deregulation, and free-market competition to shape policy outcomes.
Multi-level Policy Making: Involves coordination and implementation of policy decisions across different levels of government, such as federal, state, and local.
Comparative Policy Making: Involves the learning and adaptation of policies from other countries or regions to shape policy outcomes.
Networked Policy Making: Involves informal collaborations, coalitions, and networks of governments, NGOs, and other actors to shape policy outcomes.
Innovative Policy Making: Involves the use of newer forms of technology and social media to engage citizens and stakeholders in policy-making process.
- "They are created and/or enacted on behalf of the public typically by a government."
- "Sometimes they are made by nonprofit organizations or are made in co-production with communities or citizens."
- "They can include potential experts, scientists, engineers, and stakeholders or scientific data, or sometimes use some of their results."
- "There are many actors: elected politicians, political party leaders, pressure groups, civil servants, publicly employed professionals, judges, non-governmental organizations, international agencies, academic experts, journalists, and even sometimes citizens."
- "A popular way of understanding and engaging in public policy is through a series of stages known as 'the policy cycle.'"
- "A basic sequence is agenda setting, policy formulation, legitimation, implementation, and evaluation."
- "Officials considered as policymakers bear responsibility to reflect the interests of a host of different stakeholders."
- "Policy design entails a conscious and deliberate effort to define policy aims and map them instrumentally."
- "Academics and other experts in policy studies have developed a range of tools and approaches to help in this task."
- "The implementation of public policy is known as public administration."
- "Public policy can be considered to be the sum of a government's direct and indirect activities and has been conceptualized in a variety of ways."
- "They are typically made by policymakers affiliated with currently elected politicians."
- "They are made in co-production with communities or citizens, which can include potential experts, scientists, engineers, and stakeholders."
- "Even sometimes citizens who see themselves as the passive recipients of policy."
- "Policy design entails a conscious and deliberate effort to define policy aims and map them instrumentally."
- "It divides the policy process into a series of stages, from a notional starting point at which policymakers begin to think about a policy problem to a notional end point at which a policy has been implemented and policymakers think about how successful it has been before deciding what to do next."
- "They are guided by a conception and often implemented by programs."
- "Academic experts have developed a range of tools and approaches to help in this task."
- "Policymakers think about how successful it has been before deciding what to do next."