"A thermodynamic system is a body of matter and/or radiation separate from its surroundings that can be studied using the laws of thermodynamics."
Study of various types of systems including closed, open, and isolated systems, along with their properties and behavior.
Thermodynamic State Variables: State variables are properties of a system that can be measured or calculated and describe the system's state.
Internal Energy: The internal energy of a system is the total energy of all the microscopic particles that make up the system.
Laws of Thermodynamics: There are four laws of thermodynamics that describe how energy is transformed and used in thermodynamic systems.
Heat: Heat is energy transferred from one object to another because of a difference in temperature.
Work: Work is energy transferred when a force is applied to an object and it moves in the direction of the force.
Temperature: Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a system.
Pressure: Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by a gas or liquid.
Heat Capacity: The heat capacity of a system is the amount of energy required to raise its temperature by one degree Celsius.
Enthalpy: Enthalpy is the energy contained in a thermodynamic system that can be transferred as heat or work.
Entropy: Entropy is a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system.
Gibbs Free Energy: Gibbs free energy is the energy available to do work in a thermodynamic system at constant temperature and pressure.
Thermodynamic Processes: Thermodynamic processes are changes that occur in a system, such as compression or expansion.
Ideal Gas Law: The ideal gas law relates the pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of gas in a system.
Phase Transitions: Phase transitions occur when a substance changes from one phase to another, such as from a liquid to a gas.
Heat Engines: Heat engines are devices that convert heat energy into mechanical work.
Refrigeration and Heat Pumps: Refrigeration and heat pumps are devices that transfer heat from a colder environment to a warmer environment.
Carnot Cycle: The Carnot cycle is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle that represents the most efficient way to convert heat into work.
Steam Power Plants: Steam power plants use steam to generate electricity.
Combustion Engines: Combustion engines use the energy released from burning fuel to produce mechanical work.
Statistical Thermodynamics: Statistical thermodynamics is the study of the behavior of large systems of particles based on statistical analysis.
Closed system: A system that does not exchange matter with its surroundings, but does exchange energy.
Open system: A system that exchanges both matter and energy with its surroundings.
Isolated system: A system that does not exchange matter or energy with its surroundings.
Adiabatic system: A system that does not exchange heat with its surroundings.
Reversible system: A system that can be returned to its initial state by an infinitely slow process.
Irreversible system: A system that cannot be returned to its initial state by any process.
Homogeneous system: A system that has the same properties throughout.
Heterogeneous system: A system that has different properties in different regions.
Non-equilibrium system: A system that is not in thermodynamic equilibrium.
Equilibrium system: A system that is in thermodynamic equilibrium.
"A thermodynamic system may be an isolated system, a closed system, or an open system."
"An isolated system does not exchange matter or energy with its surroundings."
"A closed system may exchange heat, experience forces, and exert forces, but does not exchange matter."
"An open system can interact with its surroundings by exchanging both matter and energy."
"The physical condition of a thermodynamic system at a given time is described by its state."
"The state can be specified by the values of a set of thermodynamic state variables."
"A thermodynamic system is in thermodynamic equilibrium when there are no macroscopically apparent flows of matter or energy within it or between it and other systems."
"The study of thermodynamic systems involves using the laws of thermodynamics."
"Matter and energy can be exchanged in a closed or open system, but not in an isolated system."
"An open system can exchange both matter and energy, whereas a closed system can only exchange energy."
"Yes, a closed system may experience forces."
"Yes, an open system can exert forces."
"The laws of thermodynamics are used to study thermodynamic systems."
"Equilibrium in a thermodynamic system is characterized by the absence of macroscopically apparent flows of matter or energy."
"The laws of thermodynamics can be applied to a body of matter and/or radiation separate from its surroundings."
"A closed system may exchange heat but not matter."
"Open systems can interact by exchanging both matter and energy."
"No, an isolated system does not exchange matter or energy with its surroundings."
"The state of a thermodynamic system is characterized by the values of a set of thermodynamic state variables."