"Classical thermodynamics considers three main kinds of thermodynamic process: (1) changes in a system, (2) cycles in a system, and (3) flow processes."
Study of different types of thermodynamic processes like isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, and isochoric processes, and their properties.
System and Surroundings: An overview of a thermodynamic system and its surroundings.
State and Equilibrium: The various states of a thermodynamic system and the concept of thermodynamic equilibrium.
The First Law of Thermodynamics: Definition of the first law and its various applications like work, heat, and energy transfer.
Properties of Substances: Concept of specific heat, entropy, and the properties of ideal gases.
Thermodynamic Processes: Overview of various thermodynamic processes like isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, etc.
PV Diagram: The physical interpretation of the pressure-volume diagram.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Statement of the second law, calculation of entropy, and its relation to the efficiency of thermodynamic cycles.
Carnot Cycle: A theoretical thermodynamic cycle of maximum efficiency.
Heat engines: Definition, and various types of heat engines and its efficiency.
Heat pumps: Thermodynamic concept of heat pumps and refrigerators.
Closed and open systems: Definition, and concept of work done in closed and open systems.
Entropy: Quantitative and qualitative description of phase changes and entropy creation.
Joule-Thomson Effect: A thermodynamic process where a gas would experience cooling when it is effectively expanded.
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation: The equation describes the relation between vapor pressure and temperature during a phase change.
Gibbs-Duhem Equation: An equation used to describe the relationship between different excess properties in a thermodynamic system.
Pitzer's Correlation: An extension of extended Debye-Hückel theory that can be used to calculate the physical properties of a nonideal solution.
Critical Point: Critical point is the highest point on the phase diagram of a material above which it cannot exist in a gas phase, no matter how much heat energy is supplied.
The Third Law of Thermodynamics: The third law of thermodynamics establishes that as the temperature of a system approaches absolute zero, the entropy of that system approaches a constant minimum.
Stefan-Boltzmann Law: This is a law in thermodynamics that relates a black body's surface energy radiated at temperature T to its surface area and the Stefan-Boltzmann constant sigma.
Van der Waals Equation: This equation describes the behavior of non-ideal gases by considering the effects of inter-particle forces.
Isothermal process: This process involves a system undergoing a change in temperature while maintaining a constant internal energy.
Adiabatic process: This process involves a system undergoing a change in internal energy while no heat is transferred between the system and its environment.
Isobaric process: This process involves a system undergoing a change in volume while maintaining a constant pressure.
Isochoric process: This process involves a system undergoing a change in internal energy while maintaining a constant volume.
Reversible process: This process involves a system undergoing a change in state that can be reversed by an infinitesimal change in the state variables.
Irreversible process: This process involves a system undergoing a change in state that cannot be reversed, and that results in an increase in entropy.
Quasi-static process: This process involves a system undergoing a change in state so slowly that it can be approximated as a sequence of thermodynamic equilibrium states.
Homogeneous process: This process involves a system in which the state variables are the same at all points within the system.
Non-homogeneous process: This process involves a system in which the state variables differ at different points within the system.
Cyclic process: This process involves a system undergoing a series of changes in state in which the initial and final states are identical.
Non-cyclic process: This process involves a system undergoing a series of changes in state in which the initial and final states are not identical.
Reheat process: This process involves a gas turbine that undergoes repeated cycles of expansion followed by heating to maintain performance.
Regenerative process: This process involves a heat engine using a heat exchanger to preheat the working fluid.
Open system process: This process involves a system exchanging matter and energy with its surroundings.
Closed system process: This process involves a system exchanging heat and work with its surroundings, but not exchanging matter.
Isentropic process: This process involves a system undergoing a change in state while maintaining constant entropy.
Polytropic process: This process involves a system undergoing a change in pressure and volume that can be described by a power law relationship.
Exothermic process: This process involves a system releasing heat energy to its surroundings.
Endothermic process: This process involves a system absorbing heat energy from its surroundings.
Joule-Thomson process: This process involves the expansion of a gas through a porous plug, resulting in a change in temperature and pressure.
"A Thermodynamic process is a process in which the thermodynamic state of a system is changed."
"A change in a system is defined by a passage from an initial to a final state of thermodynamic equilibrium."
"In classical thermodynamics, the actual course of the process is not the primary concern, and often is ignored."
"A state of thermodynamic equilibrium endures unchangingly unless it is interrupted by a thermodynamic operation that initiates a thermodynamic process."
"The equilibrium states are each respectively fully specified by a suitable set of thermodynamic state variables, that depend only on the current state of the system, not on the path taken by the processes that produce the state."
"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics considers processes in which the states of the system are close to thermodynamic equilibrium and aims to describe the continuous passage along the path, at definite rates of progress."
"As a useful theoretical but not actually physically realizable limiting case, a process may be imagined to take place practically infinitely slowly or smoothly enough to allow it to be described by a continuous path of equilibrium thermodynamic states when it is called a 'quasi-static' process."
"A really possible or actual thermodynamic process, considered closely, involves friction. This contrasts with theoretically idealized, imagined, or limiting, but not actually possible, quasi-static processes which may occur with a theoretical slowness that avoids friction."
"The primary concern is the sums of matter and energy inputs and outputs to the cycle."
"Cyclic processes were important conceptual devices in the early days of thermodynamical investigation, while the concept of the thermodynamic state variable was being developed."
"Defined by flows through a system, a flow process is a steady state of flows into and out of a vessel with definite wall properties."
"The quantities of primary concern describe the states of the inflow and the outflow materials, and, on the side, the transfers of heat, work, and kinetic and potential energies for the vessel."
"Flow processes are of interest in engineering."
"A flow process is a steady state of flows into and out of a vessel, while a thermodynamic process involves a change in the thermodynamic state of a system."
"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics considers processes in which the states of the system are close to thermodynamic equilibrium, while classical thermodynamics is not primarily concerned with the actual course of the process."
"It also contrasts with idealized frictionless processes in the surroundings, which may be thought of as including 'purely mechanical systems'; this difference comes close to defining a thermodynamic process."
"A cyclic process carries the system through a cycle of stages, starting and being completed in some particular state, while a flow process involves steady inflows and outflows."
"As a useful theoretical but not actually physically realizable limiting case, a process may be imagined to take place practically infinitely slowly or smoothly enough to allow it to be described by a continuous path of equilibrium thermodynamic states."
"The equilibrium states are each respectively fully specified by a suitable set of thermodynamic state variables, that depend only on the current state of the system."