"A physical property is any property that is measurable, involved in the state of a physical system, whose value represents the intensity on the object's state and behavior."
Study of different properties of substances like temperature, pressure, volume, and density, and their relation to each other.
States of matter: The three states of matter: Solid, liquid, and gas - and their properties.
Thermodynamic systems: A thermodynamic system is defined as the specific quantity of matter or a region in space where observations are made.
Macroscopic and microscopic properties: Macroscopic properties refer to the properties that can be observed and measured without any intervention in the system, whereas microscopic properties refer to the properties of the system at a molecular or atomic level.
Internal energy: The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is equal to the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the molecules and atoms in the system.
Temperature: Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules or atoms in a system.
Heat: Heat is the energy that is transferred from one object or system to another because of a temperature difference.
Laws of thermodynamics: These laws govern the behavior of thermodynamic systems and are fundamental to the study of thermodynamics.
Work: Work is another way to transfer energy into or out of a system.
Enthalpy: Enthalpy is the sum of a system's internal energy and the product of pressure and volume.
Heat capacity: Heat capacity refers to the ability of a substance to absorb heat without changing temperature.
Specific heat: Specific heat is the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree.
Phase transitions: Phase transitions occur when a substance changes from one state of matter to another.
Vapor pressure: Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by the gaseous phase of a substance on its liquid or solid phase.
Heat of fusion: Heat of fusion is the energy required to change a unit mass of a substance from its solid state to its liquid state at its melting point.
Heat of vaporization: Heat of vaporization is the energy required to change a unit mass of a substance from its liquid state to its gaseous state at its boiling point.
Thermodynamic cycles: Thermodynamic cycles are a sequence of processes that involve a change in a system's state that takes it back to its original state.
Equations of state: Equations of state describe the relationship between the pressure, volume, and temperature of a system.
Phase diagrams: Phase diagrams are graphical representations that show the conditions of temperature and pressure under which a substance will exist in a particular phase.
Chemical thermodynamics: Chemical thermodynamics deals with the study of the thermodynamics of reactions in chemical systems.
Gibbs free energy: Gibbs free energy is a measure of the maximum work that a thermodynamic system can perform at a constant pressure and temperature.
Internal Energy: The internal energy of a substance is the sum of all the energy contained within its atomic and molecular structure, including kinetic, potential and chemical energy.
Enthalpy: The enthalpy of a substance represents the total heat content of the substance, including both internal energy and the energy required to maintain the substance at a constant pressure.
Entropy: The entropy of a substance represents the degree of randomness or disorder of its molecular structure, and is related to the amount of thermal energy required to maintain a given state of the substance.
Free Energy: The free energy of a substance represents the amount of energy available for performing work, and is related to the enthalpy and entropy of the substance.
Heat Capacity: The heat capacity of a substance represents the amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of the substance by a given amount, and is related to the internal energy of the substance.
Thermal Expansion: The thermal expansion of a substance represents the degree to which the substance expands or contracts with changes in temperature, and is related to the entropy of the substance.
Phase Transitions: Phase transitions refer to the changes in the physical state of a substance, such as melting, freezing, boiling, and condensation, and are related to the enthalpy and entropy of the substance.
Chemical Reactions: Chemical reactions involve the formation and breaking of bonds between atoms and molecules, and are related to the enthalpy and entropy of the substances involved.
Equilibrium: Equilibrium refers to the point at which the rates of forward and reverse reactions in a chemical system are equal, and is related to the free energy and entropy of the system.
Reaction Kinetics: Reaction kinetics involves the study of the rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions, and is related to the enthalpy and entropy of the reactants and products.
"The changes in the physical properties of a system can be used to describe its changes between momentary states."
"A quantifiable physical property is called physical quantity."
"Measurable physical quantities are often referred to as observables."
"Some physical properties are qualitative, such as shininess, brittleness, etc."
"Some general qualitative properties admit more specific related quantitative properties, such as opacity, hardness, ductility, viscosity, etc."
"An intensive property does not depend on the size or extent of the system, nor on the amount of matter in the object, while an extensive property shows an additive relationship."
"These classifications are in general only valid in cases when smaller subdivisions of the sample do not interact in some physical or chemical process when combined."
"Isotropic properties do not change with the direction of observation, and anisotropic properties do have spatial variance."
"Color, for example, can be seen and measured; however, what one perceives as color is really an interpretation of the reflective properties of a surface and the light used to illuminate it."
"A supervenient property is one which is actual, but is secondary to some underlying reality."
"A cup might have the physical properties of mass, shape, color, temperature, etc., but these properties are supervenient on the underlying atomic structure, which may in turn be supervenient on an underlying quantum structure."
"Physical properties are contrasted with chemical properties which determine the way a material behaves in a chemical reaction."
"Yes, physical properties are measurable, involved in the state of a physical system."
"Physical properties represent the intensity on the object's state and behavior."
"Yes, the changes in the physical properties of a system can be used to describe its changes between momentary states."
"Measurable physical quantities are often referred to as observables."
"Yes, the classifications of intensive and extensive properties are valid when smaller subdivisions of the sample do not interact in some physical or chemical process when combined."
"No, isotropic properties do not change with the direction of observation."
"It may be difficult to determine whether a given property is a material property or not. Many ostensibly physical properties are called supervenient. A supervenient property is one which is actual but is secondary to some underlying reality."