"A thermodynamic system is a body of matter and/or radiation separate from its surroundings that can be studied using the laws of thermodynamics."
Basic principles and terminology used in Thermodynamics including system, surroundings, state, process, property, and equilibrium.
Temperature: The measure of the amount of heat particles in a substance.
Pressure: The measure of force applied to an area.
Internal Energy: The total amount of energy in a substance including all the energy modes: kinetic, potential, and chemical.
Enthalpy: The measure of heat in a system at constant pressure.
Entropy: The measure of a system's disorder and randomness.
Heat Capacity: The amount of heat that can be absorbed by a material.
Work: The transfer of energy through mechanical actions.
First Law of Thermodynamics: The conservation of energy law.
Second Law of Thermodynamics: The entropy of the system will always increase or remain constant.
Third Law of Thermodynamics: It is impossible to reach a temperature of absolute zero or produce a perfect crystal.
State variables: Variables that determine a system's thermodynamic state.
Phase transitions: The transformations that occur when substances change from one phase to another.
Ideal gas law: A mathematical equation describing the behavior of an ideal gas.
Heat engines: Devices that convert heat into mechanical work.
Carnot cycle: A theoretical thermodynamic cycle that holds a theoretical maximum efficiency for an engine.
Thermodynamic equilibrium: The state in which a system has reached maximum stability and has no internal forces.
Energy: Refers to the ability of a system to do work or cause changes in its surroundings.
Heat: Is the energy that is transferred between objects or systems because of a temperature difference.
Temperature: Is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a system, which determines the direction of heat flow.
Pressure: Is the force exerted by a gas or liquid per unit area of the surface it is in contact with.
Volume: Is the amount of space occupied by a system, and is related to the pressure, temperature and mass of the system.
Entropy: Is a measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in a system, and is related to the extent of thermal energy dispersal.
Enthalpy: Is the sum of the internal energy of a system and the product of its pressure and volume.
Work: Is the energy required to move an object against a force, and is related to the change in an object's position or velocity.
Heat capacity: Is the amount of heat energy required to change the temperature of a substance by a given amount.
Internal energy: Is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the particles in a system, and is related to the temperature and pressure of the system.
"A thermodynamic system may be an isolated system, a closed system, or an open system."
"An isolated system does not exchange matter or energy with its surroundings."
"A closed system may exchange heat, experience forces, and exert forces, but does not exchange matter."
"An open system can interact with its surroundings by exchanging both matter and energy."
"The physical condition of a thermodynamic system at a given time is described by its state."
"The state can be specified by the values of a set of thermodynamic state variables."
"A thermodynamic system is in thermodynamic equilibrium when there are no macroscopically apparent flows of matter or energy within it or between it and other systems."
"The study of thermodynamic systems involves using the laws of thermodynamics."
"Matter and energy can be exchanged in a closed or open system, but not in an isolated system."
"An open system can exchange both matter and energy, whereas a closed system can only exchange energy."
"Yes, a closed system may experience forces."
"Yes, an open system can exert forces."
"The laws of thermodynamics are used to study thermodynamic systems."
"Equilibrium in a thermodynamic system is characterized by the absence of macroscopically apparent flows of matter or energy."
"The laws of thermodynamics can be applied to a body of matter and/or radiation separate from its surroundings."
"A closed system may exchange heat but not matter."
"Open systems can interact by exchanging both matter and energy."
"No, an isolated system does not exchange matter or energy with its surroundings."
"The state of a thermodynamic system is characterized by the values of a set of thermodynamic state variables."