"The study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation."
The study of the behavior of subatomic particles.
Quantum mechanics: The fundamental theory of particle behavior at a subatomic level, including wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle, and the Schrödinger equation.
Special relativity: The theory of space and time in the presence of relative motion and energy, including time dilation, length contraction, and the Lorentz transformation.
Electromagnetism: The study of electric and magnetic fields and their interactions with particles, including Maxwell's equations and the electromagnetic spectrum.
Quantum field theory: The mathematical formalism that describes particle interactions in terms of quantum field excitations, in which particles are considered to be quanta of field energy.
Standard Model of particle physics: The theory that describes the interactions between elementary particles via the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces.
Particle detectors: The instruments used to detect and measure subatomic particles, including scintillation counters, ionization chambers, proportional counters, and Cherenkov detectors.
Accelerators and particle accelerators: The machines used to accelerate subatomic particles to high energies for measurement and study, including cyclotrons, synchrotrons, and linear accelerators.
Neutrinos and dark matter: Two types of particles that interact very weakly with ordinary matter and are important topics in modern particle physics.
Particle physics experiments: A description of the type of experiments, including high-energy physics experiments, cosmic-ray experiments, and underground detectors.
Beyond the Standard Model: A discussion of theories that extend or modify the Standard Model, such as supersymmetry, extra dimensions, and the Higgs boson.
High Energy Physics: IE "Elementary Particle Physics" which study the fundamental particles and forces of nature at the highest energy scales.
Nuclear Physics: Study of the structure, behavior, and interactions of atomic nuclei and their constituents, including protons, neutrons, and other particles.
Astroparticle Physics: Study of the interactions between cosmic rays and other particles and astrophysical phenomena, such as supernovae and black holes.
Quantum Field Theory: Study of the quantization of fields, including the electromagnetic field and the Higgs field.
String Theory: Theoretical framework that posits that the fundamental constituents of the universe are not particles, but rather one-dimensional objects called strings.
Supersymmetry: A proposed symmetry between fermions and bosons that can potentially resolve some of the outstanding problems with the Standard Model of particle physics.
Neutrino Physics: Study of the properties of neutrinos, which are tiny, nearly massless particles that interact very weakly with matter.
Heavy Ion Physics: Study of the behavior of atomic nuclei when they are collided at high energies, which can produce a quark-gluon plasma, an exotic state of matter.
Dark Matter Physics: Study of the hypothetical dark matter particles, which are believed to make up most of the matter in the universe but have not yet been directly detected.
Cosmology: The study of the entire universe, including its origin, evolution, and eventual fate, often with a focus on the early universe and its interactions with particle physics.
"The fundamental particles in the universe are classified in the Standard Model as fermions (matter particles) and bosons (force-carrying particles)."
"There are three generations of fermions."
"Ordinary matter is made only from the first fermion generation."
"Hadrons that contain an odd number of quarks are called baryons and those that contain an even number are called mesons."
"The proton and the neutron make up most of the mass of ordinary matter."
"The longest-lived mesons last for only a few hundredths of a microsecond."
"Mesons are produced in cyclotrons or other particle accelerators."
"Particles have corresponding antiparticles with the same mass but with opposite electric charges."
"These antiparticles can theoretically form a corresponding form of matter called antimatter."
"Some particles, such as the photon, are their own antiparticle."
"The dominant theory explaining these fundamental particles and fields, along with their dynamics, is called the Standard Model."
"The reconciliation of gravity to the current particle physics theory is not solved."
"Many theories have addressed this problem, such as loop quantum gravity, string theory, and supersymmetry theory."
"Practical particle physics is the study of these particles in radioactive processes and in particle accelerators."
"Theoretical particle physics is the study of these particles in the context of cosmology and quantum theory."
"The two are closely interrelated."
"The Higgs boson was postulated by theoretical particle physicists and its presence confirmed by practical experiments."
"Particle physics experiments are conducted at the Large Hadron Collider."
"These elementary particles are excitations of the quantum fields that also govern their interactions."