The energy that is available to do work.
Thermodynamics: The study of energy in its various forms, including heat, work, and internal energy.
Statistical mechanics: The application of statistical methods to describe the behavior of large numbers of particles.
Kinetic theory: The study of the behavior of gases and liquids in terms of the motion of their constituent particles.
Boltzmann distribution: A probability distribution describing the distribution of particles between energy states.
Partition functions: Mathematical functions used to calculate thermodynamic properties of a system.
Ensembles: Collections of systems with similar properties, used to study the behavior of large numbers of particles.
Free energy: A thermodynamic potential that characterizes the work that can be done by a system at constant temperature and pressure.
Entropy: A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system.
Gibbs free energy: A thermodynamic potential that describes the change in free energy during a chemical reaction.
Phase transitions: Changes in the physical state of a system, such as melting, vaporization, or condensation.
Helmholtz free energy: The Helmholtz free energy or the Gibbs free energy after subtracting that associated with entropy arises in the context of canonical ensembles.
Gibbs free energy: The energy available to do work in a system when the temperature and pressure are constant.
Enthalpy: It is often used in conjunction with Gibbs free energy as the enthalpy change provides information about the heat released or absorbed by a process.
Internal energy: It is the total energy of a system.
Exergy: It is the available energy of a system available to do useful work. It is a measure of the maximum work that a system can perform.
Helmholtz free energy density: Often referred to as the Landau free energy density, it is the energy per unit volume in a thermodynamic system.
Configurational free energy: It is related to the change in enthalpy and entropy of a system as it undergoes a configurational change.
Thermal free energy: It is the energy associated with the thermal motion of atoms and molecules.
Chemical free energy: It is the energy associated with the chemical potential of a system.
Magnetic free energy: It arises in the context of magnetic systems and is related to the change in magnetization of a system.
Elastic free energy: It arises in the context of elastic solids and is related to the strain energy of a system.
Surface free energy: It is the energy associated with the surface tension of a liquid or the interfacial energy of a solid.