"Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in certain materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic fields are expelled from the material."
The phenomenon of zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields in certain materials at very low temperatures.
Crystal structure: The study of the arrangement of atoms in a solid, which affects the electronic and magnetic properties of materials.
Band theory of solids: The theory that explains the properties of metals, semiconductors, and insulators in terms of electron energy bands and band gaps.
Quantum mechanics: The fundamental theory that describes the behavior of matter and energy in the microscopic world.
Elementary particles: The fundamental building blocks of matter that obey the laws of quantum mechanics.
Electrons and holes: The charge carriers in solids that determine their electronic transport properties.
Fermi level: The energy level at which the probability of finding an electron is 0.5.
Energy gap: The difference in energy between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied electron states in a solid.
Superconductivity: The phenomenon in which a material loses all electrical resistance below a certain temperature.
Meissner effect: The expulsion of magnetic flux from the interior of a superconductor when it is cooled below its critical temperature.
Type I and type II superconductors: The two types of superconductors based on their response to magnetic fields.
Critical current density: The maximum current that a superconductor can carry before losing its superconductivity.
High-temperature superconductivity: The discovery of materials that exhibit superconductivity at temperatures much higher than previously thought possible.
Flux pinning: The ability of impurities or defects to immobilize magnetic flux in a superconductor, allowing the superconductor to carry larger currents.
Josephson effect: The flow of supercurrent through a thin insulating barrier between two superconductors.
Superfluidity: The ability of a liquid to flow without any resistance, which is closely related to superconductivity.
"Unlike an ordinary metallic conductor, whose resistance decreases gradually as its temperature is lowered, even down to near absolute zero, a superconductor has a characteristic critical temperature below which the resistance drops abruptly to zero."
"The superconductivity phenomenon was discovered in 1911 by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes."
"It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete cancelation of the magnetic field in the interior of the superconductor during its transitions into the superconducting state."
"An electric current through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source."
"Some cuprate-perovskite ceramic materials have a critical temperature above 90 K (−183 °C)."
"Such a high transition temperature is theoretically impossible for a conventional superconductor, leading the materials to be termed high-temperature superconductors."
"The existence of superconductivity at higher temperatures than this (liquid nitrogen boiling at 77 K) facilitates many experiments and applications that are less practical at lower temperatures."
"The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics."
"The resistance drops abruptly to zero below the critical temperature."
"Magnetic fields are expelled from the material."
"The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics."
"An electric current through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source, which presents practical applications and possibilities for experiments."
"Such a high transition temperature is theoretically impossible for a conventional superconductor, leading the materials to be termed high-temperature superconductors."
"Some cuprate-perovskite ceramic materials have a critical temperature above 90 K (−183 °C), while liquid nitrogen boils at 77 K (−196 °C)."
"Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a phenomenon which can only be explained by quantum mechanics."
"Unlike an ordinary metallic conductor, whose resistance decreases gradually as its temperature is lowered, even down to near absolute zero, a superconductor has a characteristic critical temperature below which the resistance drops abruptly to zero."
"The complete cancelation of the magnetic field in the interior of the superconductor occurs during its transitions into the superconducting state."
"The superconductivity phenomenon was discovered in 1911 by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes."
"Any material exhibiting these properties is a superconductor."