- "Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles."
Branch of physics that studies the behavior of matter and energy at the smallest scales.
Wave-particle duality: The dual nature of matter as both a wave and a particle, and the mathematical representation of this phenomenon.
Schrodinger Equation: A fundamental equation in quantum mechanics that describes the evolution of a quantum system over time.
Quantum States: The different states that a quantum system can exist in, including energy levels and superposition.
Measurement and Observables: The role of measurement in quantum mechanics, and the observables that can be used to measure quantum states.
Uncertainty Principle: The principle that certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, cannot both be known to arbitrarily high precision.
Quantum Numbers and Operators: The use of quantum numbers and operators to describe the properties of quantum systems.
Entanglement: The phenomenon in which two quantum systems become so intrinsically linked that their states are dependent on each other, even at great distances.
Quantum Computing: The use of quantum systems to perform computational tasks that are difficult or impossible for classical computers.
Applications of Quantum Mechanics: The practical applications of quantum mechanics, including in fields such as medicine, electronics, and cryptography.
Solid-State Physics: The application of quantum mechanics to the study of solids, including semiconductors, superconductors, and other materials.
Electronic Properties of Solids: The behavior of electrons in solid materials, including band theory and conductivity.
Crystal Structure: The study of the structure of crystals and other solid materials, including lattice structures and defects.
Magnetic Properties of Solids: The behavior of magnetic materials in the presence of external fields, and the use of magnetic materials in devices such as computer hard drives.
Optical Properties of Solids: The study of the interaction of light with solid materials, including absorption, reflection, and refraction.
Superconductivity: The phenomenon in which certain materials exhibit zero resistance to electrical current at low temperatures, and the applications of superconductivity in technology.
Quantum statistics: The study of the collective behavior of quantum systems containing many particles.
Theory of metals: The study of the behavior of electrons in metals and their interactions with the lattice of atoms.
Theory of semiconductors: The study of the behavior of electrons in semiconductors and their interactions with external fields.
Theory of alloys: The study of the electronic structure and behavior of alloys, including those that are doped with impurities.
Theory of superconductivity: The study of materials that exhibit zero electrical resistance at low temperatures.
Theory of magnetism: The study of the interaction of magnetic fields with electrons in solids.
Theory of optical properties: The study of the interaction of light with solids and the behavior of electrons in excited states.
Theory of surface physics: The study of the electronic and optical properties of surfaces and interfaces.
Theory of phonons: The study of the quantization of lattice vibrations in solids.
Theory of quantum dots: The study of the electronic properties of small clusters of atoms or molecules.
- "It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science."
- "Quantum mechanics differs from classical physics in that energy, momentum, angular momentum, and other quantities of a bound system are restricted to discrete values (quantization); objects have characteristics of both particles and waves (wave-particle duality); and there are limits to how accurately the value of a physical quantity can be predicted prior to its measurement, given a complete set of initial conditions (the uncertainty principle)."
- "Quantum mechanics arose gradually from theories to explain observations that could not be reconciled with classical physics, such as Max Planck's solution in 1900 to the black-body radiation problem, and the correspondence between energy and frequency in Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, which explained the photoelectric effect."
- "These early attempts to understand microscopic phenomena, now known as the 'old quantum theory,' led to the full development of quantum mechanics in the mid-1920s by Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, Paul Dirac, and others."
- "In one of them, a mathematical entity called the wave function provides information, in the form of probability amplitudes, about what measurements of a particle's energy, momentum, and other physical properties may yield."
- "Objects have characteristics of both particles and waves (wave-particle duality)."
- "Most theories in classical physics can be derived from quantum mechanics as an approximation valid at large (macroscopic) scale."
- "Max Planck's solution in 1900 to the black-body radiation problem."
- "Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, which explained the photoelectric effect."
- "There are limits to how accurately the value of a physical quantity can be predicted prior to its measurement, given a complete set of initial conditions (the uncertainty principle)."
- "Quantum mechanics is the foundation of all quantum physics."
- "Energy, momentum, angular momentum, and other quantities of a bound system are restricted to discrete values (quantization)."
- "These early attempts to understand microscopic phenomena, now known as the 'old quantum theory.'"
- "Classical physics describes many aspects of nature at an ordinary (macroscopic) scale."
- "The modern theory is formulated in various specially developed mathematical formalisms."
- "Quantum mechanics provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles."
- "Quantum mechanics is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science."
- "The wave function provides information, in the form of probability amplitudes, about what measurements of a particle's energy, momentum, and other physical properties may yield."
- "The old quantum theory led to the full development of quantum mechanics in the mid-1920s by Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, Paul Dirac, and others."