Structural or electronic properties of materials that can make them magnetic.
Magnetism basics: This introduces the concept of magnetism, magnetic fields and how they are measured, and the difference between magnetic materials and non-magnetic ones.
Magnetic moments: This refers to the magnetic properties of atoms and how they contribute to the overall magnetic behavior of solids.
Magnetic domains: This refers to the regions in a magnetic material where the magnetic moments are aligned in the same direction, leading to the emergence of magnetic fields.
Magnetic anisotropy: This refers to the directional dependence of the magnetic properties of a material.
Ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism: These are two types of magnetism often found in solids, with ferromagnetism characterized by the presence of strong magnetic fields and antiferromagnetism the absence of such fields.
Spintronics: This field of research involves the use of magnetic materials to manipulate the spin of electrons, which could lead to new electronic devices with increased efficiency and speed.
Magnetic materials: These are materials with magnetic properties, ranging from simple ferromagnets like iron, nickel, and cobalt, to complex magnetic alloys and compounds.
Magnetic ordering: This refers to the way in which magnetic moments are arranged in a solid material, and can take on many different forms depending on the type of magnetic material and the temperature.
Magnetic resonance: This refers to techniques that use magnetic fields to observe the behavior of atoms and molecules, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in medical diagnostics.
Magnetic hysteresis: This refers to the behavior of a magnetic material in which magnetic fields are applied and then removed, resulting in a residual magnetization that depends on the history of the applied fields.
Ferromagnetism: Ferromagnetism is the strongest and most common type of magnetism, which is exhibited by materials such as iron, nickel, and cobalt. In this type, the atoms possess magnetic moments that align in a specific direction in the absence of an external magnetic field.
Paramagnetism: Paramagnetism is exhibited by most of the elements and some compounds, in which the magnetic moments align with an external magnetic field, but lose their alignment when the field is removed. This type of magnetism is very weak.
Diamagnetism: Diamagnetism is exhibited by all materials, in which the magnetic moments align in the opposite direction to the external magnetic field. This type of magnetism is also very weak.
Antiferromagnetism: In antiferromagnetism, magnetic moments in the crystal lattice align in opposite directions, resulting in a net magnetization of zero.
Ferrimagnetism: Ferrimagnetism is a type of magnetism similar to ferromagnetism, but with asymmetrical magnetic moments. Ferrimagnetic materials such as magnetite are used in high-density recording media.
Spin glass: In spin glass, the magnetic moments of atoms interact in a highly disordered way, making it difficult to predict their behavior.
Superparamagnetism: Superparamagnetism is exhibited by small magnetic particles with a size less than a few nanometers. The magnetic moments of the particles randomly flip back and forth, leading to the total magnetization of zero.
Magnetoelectric: Magnetoelectric materials exhibit a coupling between the magnetic and electric fields, making them highly desirable for electronic devices.
Exchange bias: Exchange bias is a spontaneous alignment of magnetic moments in two adjacent ferromagnetic materials, in which an external magnetic field is applied to one of the materials. This effect is often used in magnetic sensors.
Topological magnetic systems: Topological magnetic systems have a unique magnetic response, in which the magnetic moments act as elementary particles with specific quantum numbers, resembling the behavior of electrons in solid-state systems.