"Plasma is one of four fundamental states of matter, characterized by the presence of a significant portion of charged particles in any combination of ions or electrons."
Electromagnetic waves that occur in plasmas.
Plasma Basics: An introduction to plasma, its characteristics and properties, and its role in the universe.
Plasma Waves and Instabilities: An overview of the different types of plasma waves and their instability properties.
Electromagnetic Waves in Plasmas: The fundamentals of electromagnetic waves in plasma form.
Debye Length: A review of the Debye length concept and its importance in plasma physics.
Magnetohydrodynamics: A fundamental understanding of plasma dynamics, magnetic fields, and their interactions.
Plasma Diagnostics: Methods to measure and understand plasma upon various ranges.
Kinetic Theory of Plasma: Study of general features such as distribution function, velocity dispersion, particle interactions, etc.
Plasma Heating: Techniques to induce plasma ionization leading to energy gain.
Plasma Fusion: Basic understanding of fusion reactions and related technologies.
Plasma Sources: Different methods used to produce plasma and plasma discharges.
Electron acoustic waves: These waves occur in a plasma when the electrons are compressed or rarefied, resulting in perturbations in the density and potential.
Langmuir waves: These waves are the most common type of plasma waves and occur when the plasma electrons oscillate collectively about their equilibrium position.
Ion acoustic waves: These waves result from the collective oscillation of the positively charged ions in a plasma.
Upper-hybrid waves: These waves occur when the plasma frequency is greater than the electron cyclotron frequency.
Lower-hybrid waves: These waves occur when the plasma frequency is less than the ion cyclotron frequency.
Whistler waves: These waves occur in the presence of a magnetic field and are characterized by a rapid decrease in frequency and increase in amplitude as they propagate away from the source.
Alfven waves: These waves are transverse waves that occur in a magnetized plasma and are named after the Swedish physicist Hannes Alfven.
Magnetosonic waves: These are a combination of ion acoustic and Alfven waves and are important for understanding the dynamics of plasma in the Earth's magnetosphere.
Plasma oscillations: These are small-amplitude oscillations resulting from small perturbations in the plasma density or potential.
Dust acoustic waves: These waves occur in dusty plasmas and are characterized by the collective oscillation of the charged dust particles.
Mode conversion waves: These waves occur when a wave of one mode is converted to another mode due to a change in plasma density, magnetic field, or geometry.
Electrostatic waves: These waves are characterized by oscillations in the electric field of the plasma.
Electromagnetic waves: These waves are characterized by oscillations in both the electric and magnetic fields of the plasma.
Nonlinear waves: These waves are characterized by large-amplitude oscillations and nonlinear interactions between different waves or with the plasma particles.
Soliton waves: These waves are self-reinforcing and self-sustaining solitary pulses that propagate through the plasma.
"It is the most abundant form of ordinary matter in the universe, mostly in stars (including the Sun), but also dominating the rarefied intracluster medium and intergalactic medium."
"Plasma can be artificially generated by heating a neutral gas or subjecting it to a strong electromagnetic field."
"The presence of charged particles makes plasma electrically conductive."
"The dynamics of individual particles and macroscopic plasma motion are governed by collective electromagnetic fields and very sensitive to externally applied fields."
"The response of plasma to electromagnetic fields is used in many modern devices and technologies, such as plasma televisions or plasma etching."
"Depending on temperature and density, a certain number of neutral particles may also be present, in which case plasma is called partially ionized."
"Neon signs and lightning are examples of partially ionized plasmas."
"Unlike the phase transitions between the other three states of matter, the transition to plasma is not well defined and is a matter of interpretation and context."
"Whether a given degree of ionization suffices to call a substance 'plasma' depends on the specific phenomenon being considered."