"In physics, physical chemistry and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids—liquids and gases."
The study of fluids in motion.
Fluid mechanics: The study of fluids at rest and in motion, including basic concepts such as viscosity, pressure, and density. These principles are important to understand the behavior of plasmas, which have fluid-like properties.
Continuum mechanics: The mathematical framework for modeling fluid behavior, including the Navier-Stokes equations, which describe fluid flow and are used to simulate plasma behavior.
Electromagnetism: The branch of physics that deals with the behavior of electrically charged particles, including the interaction of plasma with electromagnetic fields.
Quantum mechanics: The theory that describes the behavior of particles on a very small scale, which is relevant to the behavior of subatomic particles in plasmas.
Plasma physics: The study of ionized gases, which can behave like fluids but also interact strongly with magnetic fields.
Thermodynamics: The study of energy and heat transfer, which is important for understanding heat flow and temperature changes in plasmas.
Kinetic theory: The study of the motion of particles in a gas or fluid, which is particularly important for understanding the behavior of the most energetic particles in plasmas.
Magnetohydrodynamics: The study of the behavior of plasmas in magnetic fields, which has important applications for fusion energy research and the behavior of the Sun's outer atmosphere.
Astrophysics: The study of the behavior of matter and energy in the universe, including celestial objects such as stars and galaxies that are composed primarily of plasma.
Computational methods: The use of numerical simulations to model the behavior of plasmas, which is necessary to understand complex plasma phenomena and to design plasma systems for practical applications.
Single-Fluid Hydrodynamics: The behavior of a plasma is described as a single-fluid model, wherein the ion and electron motion is treated as a single fluid with shared characteristics and properties.
Two-Fluid Hydrodynamics: In this model, the electrons and ions are treated as separate fluids with different properties, such as density and temperature.
Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD): This model includes the effects of magnetic fields on plasma dynamics, such as magnetic confinement and plasma instabilities.
Kinetic Hydrodynamics: This approach considers the distribution functions of individual particle species, such as ions and electrons, and the processes governing their motion.
Turbulent Hydrodynamics: This model incorporates the effects of turbulence in plasma, which can arise from fluctuations in the plasma density, temperature, and magnetic fields.
Nonlinear Hydrodynamics: This model describes the nonlinear behavior of plasma, including wave-particle interactions, particle acceleration, and shock waves.
Collisional Hydrodynamics: This model includes the effects of collisions between particles in a plasma, which can affect energy transfer and plasma stability.
Quantum Hydrodynamics: This model includes the effects of quantum mechanics on plasma behavior, such as the creation and annihilation of particle-antiparticle pairs.
Classical Hydrodynamics: This model describes the behavior of a classical plasma, in which particles are treated as point charges obeying classical Newtonian mechanics.
Thermohydrodynamics: This model considers the effects of temperature and heat transfer on plasma dynamics, including thermal conduction and radiation.
"It has several subdisciplines, including aerodynamics (the study of air and other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of liquids in motion)."
"Fluid dynamics has a wide range of applications, including calculating forces and moments on aircraft, determining the mass flow rate of petroleum through pipelines, predicting weather patterns, understanding nebulae in interstellar space, and modeling fission weapon detonation."
"Fluid dynamics offers a systematic structure—which underlies these practical disciplines—that embraces empirical and semi-empirical laws derived from flow measurement and used to solve practical problems."
"The solution to a fluid dynamics problem typically involves the calculation of various properties of the fluid, such as flow velocity, pressure, density, and temperature, as functions of space and time."
"Before the twentieth century, hydrodynamics was synonymous with fluid dynamics."
"This is still reflected in names of some fluid dynamics topics, like magnetohydrodynamics and hydrodynamic stability, both of which can also be applied to gases."
"...that describes the flow of fluids—liquids and gases."
"In physics, physical chemistry, and engineering..."
"...including aerodynamics and hydrodynamics..."
"...calculating forces and moments on aircraft, determining the mass flow rate of petroleum through pipelines..."
"...predicting weather patterns..."
"...understanding nebulae in interstellar space..."
"...empirical and semi-empirical laws derived from flow measurement and used to solve practical problems."
"Flow velocity, pressure, density, and temperature..."
"...used to solve practical problems."
"Before the twentieth century, hydrodynamics was synonymous with fluid dynamics."
"...like magnetohydrodynamics and hydrodynamic stability..."
"...that describes the flow of fluids—liquids and gases."
"...a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids—liquids and gases."