"Electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields."
The study of the relationship between electric and magnetic fields.
Electromagnetic Waves: The study of electromagnetic waves, their characteristics and behavior, including their propagation through various media.
Maxwell's Equations: The set of equations used to describe electromagnetic phenomena, including electromagnetism, induction, and conservation of charge and energy.
Coulomb's Law: The law that describes the electrostatic interaction between charged particles.
Lorentz Force: The force experienced by a charged particle in a magnetic field.
Plasma Physics: The study of the behavior of plasma - a state of matter that consists of charged particles.
Ionization: The process by which neutral atoms or molecules become charged or ionized.
Plasma Waves: The study of waves that propagate through plasma, including their properties and behavior.
Magnetohydrodynamics: The study of the interaction between magnetic fields and fluid dynamics, commonly used to study plasmas.
Plasma Applications: The practical applications of plasmas, including plasma cutting, welding, and other industrial uses.
Particle-in-Cell Simulation: The numerical simulation technique used to study the behavior of charged particles in plasma.
Plasma Modeling: The creation of mathematical models to describe and predict plasma behavior.
Plasma Instabilities: The tendency of plasmas to become unstable under certain conditions, leading to the formation of waves, turbulence, and other effects.
Magnetic Confinement Fusion: The process of generating energy by fusing atomic nuclei in a magnetic field.
Plasma Diagnostics: The use of various techniques to measure and observe the behavior of plasmas.
Electromagnetic Interference: The effect of electromagnetic waves on electronics, including potential sources of interference and methods for mitigation.
Plasma Waves: These are waves that propagate through a plasma medium and are important in understanding the dynamics of plasmas. Plasma waves can have various types, such as electrostatic waves, electromagnetic waves, and acoustic waves.
Kinetic theory of plasma: This theory deals with the behavior of charged particles (ions and electrons) in a plasma. It encompasses the study of how ionized particles interact with each other, and with electric and magnetic fields.
Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD): This is the study of the motion of electrically conducting fluids in magnetic fields. In plasma physics, MHD is important in understanding the behavior of plasmas in magnetic fields.
Plasma instabilities: These are phenomena that occur in plasmas when the equilibrium of the plasma is disturbed. Some examples of plasma instabilities are the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, and the Weibel instability.
Dusty plasmas: These are plasmas that have a significant amount of micrometer-sized dust particles. They are important in understanding the behavior of plasmas in space and in many technological applications.
Nonlinear plasma physics: This is the study of the behavior of plasmas under strong electric and magnetic fields. Nonlinear plasma phenomena, such as plasma turbulence, are important in understanding the dynamics of plasmas.
Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation: This is a computational method used to simulate the behavior of plasmas. It involves solving the equations of motion of particles in a plasma, coupled with the Maxwell equations that describe the electromagnetic fields in the plasma.
"The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature."
"It is the dominant force in the interactions of atoms and molecules."
"Electromagnetism can be thought of as a combination of electrostatics and magnetism, two distinct but closely intertwined phenomena."
"Electromagnetic forces occur between any two charged particles."
"…causing an attraction between particles with opposite charges and repulsion between particles with the same charge…"
"These two effects combine to create electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of charged particles…"
"…which can accelerate other charged particles via the Lorentz force."
"The electromagnetic force is responsible for many of the chemical and physical phenomena observed in daily life."
"The electrostatic attraction between atomic nuclei and their electrons holds atoms together."
"Electric forces also allow different atoms to combine into molecules…"
"Magnetic interactions between the spin and angular momentum magnetic moments of electrons also play a role in chemical reactivity."
"Electromagnetism also plays a crucial role in modern technology: electrical energy production, transformation and distribution; light, heat, and sound production and detection; fiber optic and wireless communication; sensors; computation; electrolysis; electroplating; and mechanical motors and actuators."
"Electromagnetism has been studied since ancient times."
"Many ancient civilizations, including the Greeks and the Mayans created wide-ranging theories to explain lightning, static electricity, and the attraction between magnetized pieces of iron ore."
"In the 18th and 19th centuries, prominent scientists and mathematicians such as Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday developed namesake laws which helped to explain the formation and interaction of electromagnetic fields."
"This process culminated in the 1860s with the discovery of Maxwell's equations, a set of four partial differential equations which provide a complete description of classical electromagnetic fields."
"Maxwell's equations also predicted the existence of self-sustaining electromagnetic waves."
"Maxwell postulated that such waves make up visible light, which was later shown to be true."
"In the modern era, scientists have continued to refine the theorem of electromagnetism to take into account the effects of modern physics, including quantum mechanics and relativity."