"The 13th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of 'cryogenics' and 'cryogenic' by accepting a threshold of 120 K (or –153 °C) to distinguish these terms from conventional refrigeration."
The study of the production and behavior of materials at very low temperatures, including superconductivity and superfluidity.
Thermodynamics: This is the study of energy transfer, heat, and work, and is essential for understanding cryogenics.
Heat transfer: This includes conduction, convection, and radiation, and is important in understanding the cooling and warming of materials.
Gas laws: This includes the ideal gas law, Boyle's law, Charles law, and the combined gas law, and is important in understanding the behavior of gases under different conditions.
Phase transitions: This includes freezing, melting, evaporation, and condensation, and is important in understanding the behavior of materials at low temperatures.
Cryogenic fluids: This includes liquid nitrogen, liquid helium, and hydrogen, and is important in understanding the properties and behavior of materials at very low temperatures.
Superconductivity: This includes the phenomenon of zero electrical resistance in certain materials at low temperatures and is an important application of cryogenics.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This is a medical imaging technique that uses the principles of cryogenics to cool superconducting magnets used in the imaging process.
Cryogenic engineering: This includes the design and construction of cryogenic systems and equipment, such as storage vessels, transfer lines, and heat exchangers.
Cryogenic safety: This includes the handling and storage of cryogenic fluids and gases, along with the potential hazards associated with their use.
Cryopreservation: This is the process of freezing living cells, tissues, and organs for long-term storage or transplantation, and is an important application of cryogenics in medicine.
Low-temperature materials science: This includes the properties and behavior of materials at low temperatures, including their mechanical, electrical, and magnetic properties.
Cryogenic instrumentation: This includes the development of sensors and other measurement tools for use in cryogenic environments.
Cryogenic applications: This includes the use of cryogenics in industries such as aerospace, materials science, medicine, and energy production.
Cryogenic storage: This includes the design and construction of cryogenic storage facilities, including the use of cryogenic fluids for energy storage.
Cryogenic refrigeration: This includes the use of cryogenic fluids for refrigeration and cooling applications, such as in the food industry.
Cold Traps: Used to capture and collect volatile gases, cold traps are cooled to very low temperatures, often using liquid nitrogen, so that the gases condense and can be removed from a system.
Dewars: These are vacuum-insulated containers used to store cryogenic liquids, such as liquid nitrogen, liquid helium, and liquid oxygen. They are used in a wide range of applications, including scientific research and medical treatment.
Cryocoolers: These are devices that use thermodynamic cycles to cool materials to extremely low temperatures. Cryocoolers are often used in applications such as cooling superconductors, infrared sensors, and other electronic components.
Cryogenic Refrigeration: This is the process of cooling a system using a cryogenic liquid, such as liquid nitrogen or liquid helium. Cryogenic refrigeration is used in a range of applications, including in the production of superconductors and in cryogenic medical treatment.
Cryomicroscopy: This is a technique used to study biological molecules and other materials at very low temperatures using a cryogenic microscope. Cryomicroscopy is valuable for studying the structure and function of complex organic molecules.
Slow Cooling and Fast Cooling: These are techniques used in cryobiology to preserve living cells and tissues. Slow cooling involves cooling cells and tissues slowly to cryogenic temperatures, while fast cooling involves rapidly cooling cells and tissues to cryogenic temperatures.
Cryogenic Machining: This is a process used to machine materials at very low temperatures using liquid nitrogen or other cryogenic liquids. Cryogenic machining can improve the quality of the machined surface and reduce the risk of damage to the material being machined.
"This is a logical dividing line since the normal boiling points of the so-called permanent gases... lie below 120 K, while the Freon refrigerants, hydrocarbons, and other common refrigerants have boiling points above 120 K."
"The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology considers the field of cryogenics as that involving temperatures below -153 °C (120 K; -243.4 Fahrenheit)."
"The discovery of superconducting materials with critical temperatures significantly above the boiling point of nitrogen has provided new interest in reliable, low-cost methods of producing high-temperature cryogenic refrigeration."
"The term 'high temperature cryogenic' describes temperatures ranging from above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, −195.79 °C (77.36 K; −320.42 °F), up to −50 °C (223 K; −58 °F)."
"Cryogenicists use the Kelvin or Rankine temperature scale, both of which measure from absolute zero, rather than more usual scales such as Celsius or Fahrenheit."
"The 13th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition..."
"The normal boiling points of the so-called permanent gases... lie below 120 K..."
"The so-called permanent gases (such as helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, oxygen, and normal air)..."
"The Freon refrigerants, hydrocarbons, and other common refrigerants have boiling points above 120 K."
"The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology considers the field of cryogenics as that involving temperatures below -153 °C..."
"The discovery of superconducting materials with critical temperatures significantly above the boiling point of nitrogen has provided new interest..."
"The boiling point of liquid nitrogen is −195.79 °C (77.36 K; −320.42 °F)."
"High temperature cryogenic" includes temperatures up to −50 °C (223 K; −58 °F)."
"Cryogenicists use the Kelvin or Rankine temperature scale..."
"Celsius measures from the freezing point of water at sea level."
"Fahrenheit measures from the freezing point of a particular brine solution at sea level."
"The 13th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington DC in 1971)..."
"The range of high-temperature cryogenic includes temperatures above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen..."
"Temperatures below -153 °C (or 120 K) fall within the field of cryogenics."