"The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles."
A theoretical framework for understanding the behavior of elementary particles.
Particle physics: The study of subatomic particles.
Quantum mechanics: The branch of physics that studies the behavior of matter and energy at a very small scale.
Special relativity: The theory proposed by Albert Einstein that describes the behavior of objects moving at high speeds.
Electromagnetic interactions: The interaction between charged particles and photons.
Weak interactions: The interaction responsible for decay and transformation of particles.
Strong interactions: The interaction that binds quarks into protons and neutrons.
Elementary particles: Particles that cannot be broken down into smaller particles.
Gauge theory: A framework explaining how particles interact with each other through a set of fields and symmetries.
Quantum field theory: A mathematical framework that combines quantum mechanics and special relativity to describe the behavior of particles and fields.
The Higgs mechanism: The mechanism responsible for giving particles their mass.
The Standard Model: The current theoretical framework that describes the behavior of particles and their interactions.
Neutrinos: Tiny particles with little or no mass that interact very weakly with other matter.
Quarks: Elementary particles that make up protons and neutrons.
Leptons: Elementary particles, including electrons and neutrinos, that do not interact strongly with other matter.
Grand unified theories: Attempts to unify the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions into a single theory.
The Standard Model: It is the theoretical framework used to describe the behavior of subatomic particles and their interactions. It includes the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces and the Higgs boson particle.
Electroweak Theory: It unifies the electromagnetic and weak forces into one force under certain conditions, such as at high energies.
Quantum Chromodynamics: It is a theory that describes the behavior of subatomic particles known as quarks, which make up protons and neutrons, and the strong nuclear force that holds them together.
Quantum Electrodynamics: It describes the behavior of particles that interact with the electromagnetic force, such as electrons and photons.
Quantum Flavour Dynamics: It is a theory that describes the behavior of particles that have flavor, such as quarks, leptons, and neutrinos.
Grand Unified Theories: It seeks to unify all the fundamental forces into one force at very high energies.
Supersymmetry: It is a theoretical framework that proposes the existence of new particles that are partners to the already known particles but have different quantum properties.
Overall, these theories and frameworks have been established based on extensive research and experimentation, and they continue to be refined and modified as new observations and data are obtained.: The topic of Overall implies the ongoing establishment, refinement, and modification of theories and frameworks in Physics and the Standard Model based on extensive research, experimentation, and the acquisition of new observations and data.
"It was developed in stages throughout the latter half of the 20th century, through the work of many scientists worldwide, with the current formulation being finalized in the mid-1970s upon experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks."
"Since then, proof of the top quark (1995), the tau neutrino (2000), and the Higgs boson (2012) have added further credence to the Standard Model."
"The Standard Model has predicted various properties of weak neutral currents and the W and Z bosons with great accuracy."
"It leaves some physical phenomena unexplained and so falls short of being a complete theory of fundamental interactions." - "For example, it does not fully explain baryon asymmetry, incorporate the full theory of gravitation as described by general relativity, or account for the universe's accelerating expansion as possibly described by dark energy." - "The model does not contain any viable dark matter particle that possesses all of the required properties deduced from observational cosmology." - "It also does not incorporate neutrino oscillations and their non-zero masses."
"The development of the Standard Model was driven by theoretical and experimental particle physicists alike."
"The Standard Model is a paradigm of a quantum field theory for theorists, exhibiting a wide range of phenomena, including spontaneous symmetry breaking, anomalies, and non-perturbative behavior."
"It is used as a basis for building more exotic models that incorporate hypothetical particles, extra dimensions, and elaborate symmetries (such as supersymmetry) to explain experimental results at variance with the Standard Model, such as the existence of dark matter and neutrino oscillations."