Detectors

Particle physics: Study of the fundamental building blocks of matter and their interactions.

Electromagnetism: The study of the properties and behavior of electrically charged particles.

Quantum mechanics: A branch of physics that deals with the principles and properties of matter and energy at the smallest scales.

Radiation: Energy that travels through space in the form of waves or particles.

Radioactivity: The process by which an unstable atomic nucleus emits ionizing particles, radiation, or both.

Ionization: The process by which an atom or molecule gains or loses an electron.

Gas detectors: Detectors that measure ionizing radiation by measuring the electrical charge produced by ionization in a gas.

Scintillation detectors: Detectors that measure ionizing radiation by detecting the light produced by radiation excitation of a scintillating material.

Solid-state detectors: Detectors that measure ionizing radiation by detecting the electrical charge produced by ionization in a solid.

Semiconductor detectors: Detectors that use semiconductor materials to detect radiation by collecting the electrical charge produced by ionization in a semiconductor.

Photomultipliers: Detectors that amplify the light produced by scintillation detectors.

Signal processing: The manipulation of signals to extract useful information from them.

Data acquisition: The process of collecting data from a detector and processing it for storage and analysis.

Calibration: The process of determining the response of a detector to a known radiation source.

Radiation shielding: The use of materials to reduce or eliminate the amount of radiation that reaches a detector.

Ionization Chamber: Measures the ionization produced by high-energy particles. It consists of two parallel plates kept at high voltage.

Geiger Counter: Detects radiation by ionizing atoms within a gas-filled chamber. It uses a thin wire as a detector.

Scintillation Detector: Converts high-energy particles into light, which is then detected by photomultiplier tubes.

Cloud Chamber: Detects ionizing radiation by producing a visible trail of charged particles within a gas-filled chamber.

Bubble Chamber: Similar to a cloud chamber, but uses liquid instead of gas.

Cherenkov Detector: Detects high-energy charged particles by observing the light emitted as they pass through a medium faster than the speed of light in that medium.

Time-of-Flight Detector: Measures the time it takes for a high-energy particle to travel between two detectors, allowing for the determination of the particle’s velocity.

Calorimeter: Measures the total energy deposited by high-energy particles as they pass through a material.

Magnetic Spectrometer: Uses a magnetic field to bend the path of charged particles, allowing for the determination of the particles’ momentum.

Transition Radiation Detector: Detects high-energy particles by observing the radiation emitted as they pass through a material interface.

Superconducting detector: Uses superconducting material to detect and measure the energy of particles that pass through it.

Resistive Plate Chamber: Detects high-energy particles by measuring the ionization created in a gas-filled chamber.

Time Projection Chamber: Uses an electric field to drift charged particles through a gas-filled chamber, allowing for the measurement of their three-dimensional trajectories.

Silicon Strip Detector: Uses a series of closely spaced silicon strips to track the path of charged particles.

Microchannel Plate Detector: Uses an array of tiny channels to amplify the ionization produced by high-energy particles.

Pixelated Detector: Uses an array of tiny pixels to track the path of charged particles with high spatial resolution.

Gas Electron Multiplier: Uses an array of closely spaced electrodes to amplify the ionization produced by charged particles.

Calorimetric Muon Detector: Measures the energy deposited by muons as they pass through a thick material.

Resistive Plate Chamber: Detects high-energy particles by measuring the ionization created in a gas-filled chamber.

Wire Chamber: Detects high-energy particles by measuring the ionization produced as they pass through a gas-filled chamber containing wires.