- How electromagnetic waves travel through different mediums.
Electromagnetic Waves: An introduction to electromagnetic waves, their properties and how they are generated.
Maxwell's Equations: A set of four basic equations that describe the behavior of electromagnetic fields.
Frequency, Wavelength, and Amplitude: Understanding the terms frequency, wavelength and amplitude of electromagnetic waves.
Reflection, Refraction and Diffraction: How electromagnetic waves behave when they encounter different materials or pass through openings.
Polarization: How electromagnetic waves can be polarized, or aligned in a particular direction.
Absorption and Scattering: How electromagnetic waves interact with matter, including absorption and scattering.
Propagation in Different Media: How electromagnetic waves travel through different media, such as air, glass or water.
Antennas and Propagation: The study of how electromagnetic waves propagate through space and how antennas can be designed to optimize this propagation.
Radio Propagation: The study of how radio waves propagate through the atmosphere and ground.
Propagation Models: Mathematical models used to predict how electromagnetic waves will propagate in different environments.
Electromagnetic Spectrum: The range of frequencies of electromagnetic waves, from radio waves to gamma rays.
Attenuation: How electromagnetic waves lose energy as they propagate through a medium.
Waveguides: Structures that guide electromagnetic waves along a path.
Surface Waves: Electromagnetic waves that propagate along the surface of a medium, such as water or the ground.
Ionosphere and Propagation: How the ionosphere affects radio wave propagation, including the phenomena of skywave and groundwave propagation.
Ground wave propagation: This type of propagation occurs when low frequency electromagnetic waves, usually below 2 MHz, are transmitted along the surface of the Earth. It is mainly used for long-distance communication.
Sky wave propagation: In this type of propagation, radio waves are reflected back to the Earth's surface by the ionosphere. This allows long-range communication over the horizon.
Line-of-sight propagation: This type of propagation occurs when electromagnetic waves travel in a straight line from the transmitter to the receiver. It is used for short-range communication.
Tropospheric scatter: When electromagnetic waves are scattered by the Earth's troposphere, they are extended to reach beyond the normal line-of-sight range, and utilized for communication over a horizon.
ionospheric propagation: When the radio waves interact with the ionosphere in the upper atmosphere before reaching the receiver, this type of propagation occurs. It allows long-range communication over hundreds or thousands of kilometers.
Space wave propagation: This type of propagation occurs when high-frequency radio waves, from approximately 30 MHz to 300 GHz, are transmitted in space from one satellite to another, or from a satellite to Earth.
Direct wave: It is the type of propagation that occurs on a frequency band which can be line of sight, beyond the line of sight, or through surface reflections.