Focuses on the properties of magnetic materials, such as their magnetic fields and behavior under external magnetic fields.
Magnetic fields: Learn about the physical phenomenon of how magnetic fields are generated by moving charges, and how they interact with each other.
Magnetic dipoles: A magnetic dipole is a system of two magnetic poles that are separated by a distance. Learn about how magnetic dipoles interact with each other and with magnetic fields.
Magnetic materials: Learn about the different types of magnetic materials, including ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, and diamagnetic materials. Understand their properties and how they are used in everyday applications.
Magnetic domains: Learn about magnetic domains, which are regions within a magnetic material where the magnetic moments are aligned. Understand how domain walls can affect magnetic behavior.
Hysteresis: Hysteresis is the phenomenon in magnetic materials where the magnetic state of the material depends on the history of its magnetic field. Learn about how this can be used in data storage devices.
Curie temperature: The Curie temperature is the temperature at which a ferromagnetic material loses its magnetization. Learn about how this is related to the magnetic structure of these materials.
Magnetization: Magnetization is the measure of the strength and direction of the magnetic moment of a material. Learn about how magnetization varies with temperature and other physical parameters.
Magnetic anisotropy: Magnetic anisotropy is the dependence of a material's magnetic properties on the direction of an applied magnetic field. Learn about how this can affect magnetic behavior.
Spintronics: Spintronics is a branch of condensed matter physics that explores the interaction between spins and electronic charge in solid-state devices. Learn about how this can be used in computing and data storage.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Magnetic resonance imaging is a medical imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to generate images of the body's internal structures. Learn about how this technology works.
Magnetic alloys: Magnetic alloys are metallic materials that exhibit magnetic behavior. Learn about the properties and applications of these materials.
Giant Magneto-Resistance: Giant Magneto-Resistance (GMR) is a phenomenon where the resistance of a magnetic material changes when exposed to a magnetic field. Learn about how this is used in hard disks and other data storage applications.
Electromagnetic waves: Electromagnetic waves are waves that are created by the interplay of electric and magnetic fields. Learn about how these waves interact with matter and how they are used in telecommunications.
Magnetic levitation: Magnetic levitation is the ability to suspend an object in the air using magnetic fields. Learn about how this technology works.
Superconductivity: Superconductivity is the phenomenon where some materials exhibit zero electrical resistivity at very low temperatures. Learn about how magnetism and superconductivity are related.
Diamagnetism: Diamagnetic materials exhibit a negative susceptibility due to the induced magnetic moments being in the opposite direction to the applied magnetic field.
Paramagnetism: Paramagnetic materials exhibit a positive susceptibility due to the alignment of the magnetic moments with the applied magnetic field, but no magnetization in the absence of an external field.
Ferromagnetism: Ferromagnetic materials exhibit a spontaneous magnetization that is aligned in a particular direction, which can be changed with an external magnetic field, and exhibit hysteresis.
Antiferromagnetism: Antiferromagnetic materials display a magnetization of zero in the absence of an external field, where the magnetic moments of several sublattices are antiparallel.
Ferrimagnetism: Ferrimagnetic materials have a spontaneous magnetization, but some sublattices have opposite moments, creating a net magnetic moment.
Spin glass: Spin glass materials display a frozen or disordered magnetic state with a complex magnetic behavior.
Superparamagnetism: Superparamagnetic materials exhibit a huge magnetic moment in response to a magnetic field, but no magnetization in the absence of an external field.
Hard and soft magnetic materials: Hard magnetic materials have high magnetic anisotropy, while soft magnetic materials have low anisotropy and exhibit low coercivity, making them good for magnetic alloys.
Magnetocaloric materials: Magnetocaloric materials exhibit phase transitions with temperature changes for use in energy conversion applications.
Magnetic fluids: Magnetic fluids contain magnetic nanoparticles in a liquid medium and are used in various applications such as drug delivery and magnetic resonance imaging.
Magnetic semiconductors: Magnetic semiconductors are semiconducting materials that exhibit magnetic behavior and are used in information storage and spintronics.
Magnetic multilayers: Magnetic multilayers are thin films that consist of alternating magnetic and non-magnetic layers and are used in magnetic sensors, magnetic recording, and spintronics devices.
Magnetoresistive materials: Magnetoresistive materials exhibit a change in electrical resistance in response to a magnetic field and are used in magnetic sensors, read heads, and magnetic memory devices.
Magnetic nanomaterials: Magnetic nanomaterials are nanoparticles or nanocomposites with magnetic properties and are used in various applications such as drug delivery, magnetic separation, and magnetic data storage.
Magnetic shape memory alloys: Magnetic shape memory alloys exhibit a change in shape in response to a magnetic field and are used in robotics and micro-actuators.
Colossal magnetoresistance materials: Colossal magnetoresistance materials exhibit a huge change in electrical resistance in response to an external magnetic field and are used in magnetic sensors and read heads.
Dilute magnetic semiconductors: Dilute magnetic semiconductors are semiconducting materials that exhibit magnetic behavior due to the doping of magnetic impurities and are used in spintronic devices.
Exchange bias: Exchange bias occurs when a ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic material are in contact and there is an exchange of spin between them, resulting in a shift in the hysteresis loop.
Topological insulators: Topological insulators are materials that insulate in the bulk but conduct at the edges or surfaces and are used in spintronic devices.
Magnetic skyrmions: Magnetic skyrmions are topologically protected spin textures that could be used as information carriers and in energy-efficient magnetic storage.
High-temperature superconductors: High-temperature superconductors are materials that exhibit superconducting behavior at relatively high temperatures, which could lead to significant energy savings in power generation and transmission.
Magnetic refrigerants: Magnetic refrigerants are materials that exhibit the magnetocaloric effect and can be used for cooling applications with low environmental impact.
Soft magnetic composites: Soft magnetic composites are magnetic materials with high permeability, low core loss, and low magnetic hysteresis, caused by the presence of insulating layers between magnetic particles.
Exchange-coupled nanocomposites: Exchange-coupled nanocomposites are magnetic materials consisting of nanocrystalline grains separated by nonmagnetic layers, which exhibit a high magnetic permeability and low magnetic hysteresis.
Spin-crossover materials: Spin-crossover materials are materials that exhibit a reversible change in the spin state of the transition metal complex and could be used in optical and electronic switching devices.