"In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields."
Electromagnetism is essential for understanding the interactions of charged particles and is used in computational physics to study the behavior of materials in electric and magnetic fields.
Electric Fields: The study of the force that electrically charged particles exert on one another.
Magnetic Fields: The study of the force that magnetically charged particles exert on one another.
Coulomb's Law: The study of the interaction between two electrically charged particles.
Gauss's Law: The study of the flux through a closed surface of an electric field.
Ampere's Law: The study of the magnetic field produced by a current-carrying wire.
Faraday's Law: The study of the electromagnetic force induced by a changing magnetic field.
Lenz's Law: The study of the direction of the electromagnetic force induced by a changing magnetic field.
Maxwell's Equations: The study of the relationships between electric and magnetic fields and their sources.
Electromagnetic Waves: The study of the propagation of electromagnetic energy through space.
Waveguides and Resonators: The study of the structures that allow for the controlled propagation of electromagnetic waves.
Microwave Devices: The study of the devices that use microwaves for various applications.
Antennas: The study of the devices that transmit and receive electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic Compatibility: The study of the interaction between electrical and electronic devices with their environment.
Electromagnetic Interference: The study of unwanted electromagnetic signals that can disrupt electronic devices.
Classical Electromagnetism: This branch of Electromagnetism deals with the study of static and dynamic charges, electric and magnetic fields, and electromagnetic waves.
Quantum Electrodynamics: This field deals with the study of the interaction between light and matter at the quantum level, including the interaction of electrons, positrons, and photons.
Electromagnetic Waves and their Propagation: This study deals with the behavior of electromagnetic waves and their propagation through different media, including free space, dielectric materials, and conductors.
Electromagnetic Theory: This field deals with the mathematics behind electromagnetism, including Maxwell's equations, vector calculus, and the calculus of variations.
Computational Electromagnetism: This field deals with the numerical simulation of electromagnetic phenomena using computational methods such as finite element analysis, finite difference time domain methods, and Monte Carlo methods.
Electromagnetic Field Theory: This field deals with the study of the fundamental properties of electric and magnetic fields, including their strengths, directions, and interactions.
Plasma Electrodynamics: This field deals with the study of electromagnetic phenomena in plasma, including the interaction between charged particles and electromagnetic fields.
Electromagnetic Compatibility: This field deals with the study of the interaction between different electromagnetic devices, including their compatibility and susceptibility to electromagnetic interference.
Electromagnetic Radiation and Scattering: This field deals with the study of how electromagnetic radiation is absorbed, reflected, or scattered by different materials and objects.
Applied Electromagnetism: This field deals with the application of electromagnetic principles to real-world problems and devices, including antennas, microwave circuits, and electromagnetic sensors.
"The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature."
"Electromagnetic forces occur between any two charged particles, causing an attraction between particles with opposite charges and repulsion between particles with the same charge."
"Electromagnetism can be thought of as a combination of electrostatics and magnetism, two distinct but closely intertwined phenomena."
"These two effects combine to create electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of charged particles, which can accelerate other charged particles via the Lorentz force."
"The electromagnetic force is responsible for many of the chemical and physical phenomena observed in daily life."
"Electric forces also allow different atoms to combine into molecules, including the macromolecules such as proteins that form the basis of life."
"Magnetic interactions between the spin and angular momentum magnetic moments of electrons also play a role in chemical reactivity; such relationships are studied in spin chemistry."
"Electromagnetism also plays a crucial role in modern technology: electrical energy production, transformation and distribution; light, heat, and sound production and detection; fiber optic and wireless communication; sensors; computation; electrolysis; electroplating; and mechanical motors and actuators."
"Electromagnetism has been studied since ancient times."
"Many ancient civilizations, including the Greeks and the Mayans, created wide-ranging theories to explain lightning, static electricity, and the attraction between magnetized pieces of iron ore."
"It wasn't until the late 18th century that scientists began to develop a mathematical basis for understanding the nature of electromagnetic interactions."
"In the 18th and 19th centuries, prominent scientists and mathematicians such as Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday developed namesake laws which helped to explain the formation and interaction of electromagnetic fields."
"This process culminated in the 1860s with the discovery of Maxwell's equations, a set of four partial differential equations which provide a complete description of classical electromagnetic fields."
"Maxwell's equations also predicted the existence of self-sustaining electromagnetic waves. Maxwell postulated that such waves make up visible light, which was later shown to be true."
"In the modern era, scientists have continued to refine the theorem of electromagnetism to take into account the effects of modern physics, including quantum mechanics and relativity."
"The theoretical implications of electromagnetism, particularly the establishment of the speed of light based on properties of the 'medium' of propagation (permeability and permittivity), helped inspire Einstein's theory of special relativity in 1905."
"The field of quantum electrodynamics (QED) has modified Maxwell's equations to be consistent with the quantized nature of matter."
"In QED, the electromagnetic field is expressed in terms of discrete particles known as photons, which are also the physical quanta of light."
"Today, there exist many problems in electromagnetism that remain unsolved, such as the existence of magnetic monopoles and the mechanism by which some organisms can sense electric and magnetic fields."