"The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of the elements, arranges the chemical elements into rows ("periods") and columns ("groups")."
A table that arranges elements based on their atomic structure, providing an organized method for predicting chemical reactions and properties.
Atomic structure: Understanding the fundamental structure of atoms and the components they're made up of (neutron, proton, electron).
Subatomic particles: Understanding the behavior and properties of subatomic particles, including electrons, protons, and neutrons.
Nucleus: Understanding the properties and behavior of the nucleus.
Atomic models: Understanding the different models of atomic structures, including the Bohr model and the quantum mechanical model.
Electromagnetic spectrum: Understanding the different types of electromagnetic radiation and their properties.
Periodic table: Understanding the periodic trends and patterns within the periodic table, such as electronegativity, ionization energy, and atomic radius.
Chemical bonds: Understanding the types of chemical bonds that hold atoms together, including covalent and ionic bonds.
Chemical reactions: Understanding the different types of chemical reactions, including synthesis, decomposition, single and double replacement, and combustion.
Stoichiometry: Understanding how to balance chemical equations and calculate the amounts of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
Gas laws: Understanding the behavior of gases and the laws that govern their behavior, including Boyle's Law, Charles's Law, and Avogadro's Law.
Thermodynamics: Understanding the laws of thermodynamics and their application to chemical reactions.
Solids, liquids, and gases: Understanding the characteristics of each state of matter and the phase changes that occur between them.
Acids and bases: Understanding the properties and behavior of acids and bases, including pH.
Quantum mechanics: Understanding the principles of quantum mechanics and their application to atomic and molecular systems.
Nuclear chemistry: Understanding the properties and behavior of radioactive elements and their applications in medicine and energy production.
Organic chemistry: Understanding the properties and behavior of organic molecules, including hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
Biochemistry: Understanding the chemical processes that occur within living organisms, including metabolism and genetics.
Analytical chemistry: Understanding the methods and techniques used to separate, identify, and quantify chemical substances.
Environmental chemistry: Understanding the impact of chemical substances on the environment and the role of chemistry in environmental remediation.
Material science: Understanding the properties and behavior of materials and the application of chemistry in developing new materials.
Standard periodic table: This is the original version of the periodic table that was created by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. It arranges elements in rows and columns based on their atomic number and chemical properties.
Left-step periodic table: This is a variation of the standard periodic table where the f-block elements are placed in the main body of the table between groups 3 and 4 to create a step.
Janet periodic table: This table is similar to the standard table, but it uses a different system of numerical notation and arranges elements into two series based on their electron configuration.
Long-form periodic table: This version of the table displays all of the known elements in individual boxes with their atomic number, full name, and symbol.
Mendeleev’s periodic table: This is the original version of the periodic table introduced by Mendeleev in 1869 arranging elements in a complete, circular fashion based on their atomic weights and chemical properties.
Spiral periodic table: This is a circular permutation of the periodic table where elements are arranged in a spiral to emphasize their similarities with other elements.
Mendeleev's n × m periodic table: An extended version of Mendeleev's original periodic table, it includes multiple repetitions of elements, going beyond known elements at the time.
Step periodic table: In this variation of the standard table, two-dimensional (spheres) or three-dimensional (cubes) representations of each element are used instead of the traditional symbols.
3D periodic table: This table uses a 3D representation of the periodic table, with elements arranged along the x, y, and z-axes.
Tabular periodic table: In this variation, the standard periodic table is laid out in a tabular form, with elements arranged in a grid. Rows are preceded by the atomic number in the top left corner, and the elements are otherwise arranged in ordering groups.
Hypervalent periodic table: This version of the periodic table is based on the idea of hypervalent bonding, where some elements are capable of forming more chemical bonds than their valence numbers would suggest.
Orbital periodic table: This table is arranged according to electron configuration and emphasizes the importance of the electron orbitals, rather than just the number of valence electrons.
Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table: This corrected the defects and inconsistencies of the original table.
Periodic table with solubility information: This table contains information about the solubility of each element in various solvents.
Kitaigorodsky periodic table: The table is arranged based on set theory, with each element placed in a group depending on its valence electron configurations.
"It is a depiction of the periodic law, which says that when the elements are arranged in order of their atomic numbers an approximate recurrence of their properties is evident."
"The table is divided into four roughly rectangular areas called blocks."
"Elements in the same group tend to show similar chemical characteristics."
"Metallic character increases going down a group and decreases from left to right across a period."
"Nonmetallic character increases going from the bottom left of the periodic table to the top right."
"The first periodic table to become generally accepted was that of the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869."
"He formulated the periodic law as a dependence of chemical properties on atomic mass."
"Mendeleev successfully used the periodic law to predict some properties of some of the missing elements."
"The periodic law was recognized as a fundamental discovery in the late 19th century."
"It was explained early in the 20th century, with the discovery of atomic numbers and associated pioneering work in quantum mechanics both ideas serving to illuminate the internal structure of the atom."
"A recognisably modern form of the table was reached in 1945 with Glenn T. Seaborg's discovery that the actinides were in fact f-block rather than d-block elements."
"The periodic table and law are now a central and indispensable part of modern chemistry."
"The periodic table continues to evolve with the progress of science."
"Today, while all the first 118 elements are known, thereby completing the first seven rows of the table..."
"...chemical characterisation is still needed for the heaviest elements to confirm that their properties match their positions."
"It is not yet known how far the table will go beyond these seven rows..."
"Some scientific discussion also continues regarding whether some elements are correctly positioned in today's table."
"Many alternative representations of the periodic law exist..."
"...and there is some discussion as to whether there is an optimal form of the periodic table."