"Early modern warfare is associated with the start of the widespread use of gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons, including artillery and firearms."
Study of military tactics, strategy, and technology used in conflicts from the Renaissance period up to the mid-19th century, characterized by the introduction of firearms and modern military structures.
Technology: Weapons, Armor, and Transportation: The advancements in technology played a significant role in the development of early modern warfare. It includes the development of gunpowder, muskets, swords, armor, and transportation, such as artillery, cannons, and infantry.
Military Tactics: The formation of early modern armies and the use of ancient military tactics deployed in wartime. It includes the use of formations such as the Roman Turtle formation, phalanxes, and linear formations.
The Thirty Years War: The Thirty Years War spread over Europe, devastated entire countries, and caused immense loss of life. The conflict between the Catholics and the Protestants started in Germany in 1618 and raged on till the treaty of Westphalia was signed in 1648.
The English Civil War: The English Civil War was fought between 1642 and 1651 and was a significant political conflict in England's history. It was fought between the Royalist supporters of King Charles I and Parliamentarian supporters of Oliver Cromwell.
The Ottoman Empire: The Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful empires of its time, and its military might significantly influenced early modern warfare. It was founded in the late 13th century, and for over 500 years, it remained a significant power in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
The Spanish Armada: The Spanish Armada was one of the most significant naval campaigns in the history of warfare. It was fought in 1588 between Spain and England, with the ultimate aim of conquering England.
The Battle of Lepanto: The Battle of Lepanto in 1571 was fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League, a coalition of European states with the aim of limiting the Ottoman Empire's expansion.
The Siege of Vienna: The Siege of Vienna occurred in 1683 when the Ottoman Empire attempted to take Vienna, a significant stronghold of the Holy Roman Empire. It was one of the largest and most decisive battles between the Ottoman Empire and Christian states.
The French Wars of Religion: The French Wars of Religion were fought between 1562 and 1598 between French Catholics and Protestants. It was a significant conflict in France's history that propelled the rise of the French monarchy.
The Siege Warfare: The Siege Warfare was one of the most effective military tactics used in early modern warfare. It involves surrounding an enemy in a fortified position with the aim of compelling them to surrender.
The Battle of Waterloo: The Battle of Waterloo was fought in 1815 between the French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte and the combined forces of Britain, Prussia, and the Netherlands. It was one of the most significant battles in the history of warfare and ended Napoleon's reign.
The Dutch Revolt: The Dutch Revolt was a political and military conflict that lasted from 1568 to 1648 between the Dutch provinces and the Spanish Empire. It was also known as the Eighty Years' War and resulted in the Dutch Republic's independence.
The Age of Discovery: The Age of Discovery refers to a historical period from the mid-15th century to the 17th century, beginning with the exploration of America by Christopher Columbus. It created opportunities for European powers to establish colonies and expand their territories.
The Rise of Colonial Empires: The rise of colonial empires in early modern Europe led to a significant shift in warfare. It led to the introduction of new weapons, tactics, and the development of new military technologies.
Mercenaries and Privateers: Mercenaries and privateers played a significant role in early modern warfare. They were hired by European powers for warfare overseas, and they influenced the outcome of many wars.
Naval Warfare: Naval warfare was significant in early modern times, with the need for naval superiority being of utmost importance for countries like England, Spain, and the Netherlands. It led to the development of new naval technologies and tactics.
Military Leaders and Commanders: Early modern warfare was dominated by great military leaders such as Julius Caesar, Napoleon Bonaparte, Gustavus Adolphus, and Oliver Cromwell. The strategies, tactics, and decisions made by these leaders, had a significant impact on the outcome of wars.
The Military Revolution: The Military Revolution was a significant period of changes in the early modern military system that led to the development of new tactics, strategies, and technologies. It was initiated by Gustavus Adolphus, the king of Sweden, in the early 17th century.
The Rise of Modern Nation States: The rise of modern nation-states in Europe was accompanied by significant changes in warfare, including the standardization of armies and the development of professional armies.
Artillery and Cannons: The invention of artillery and cannons during the early modern period led to significant changes in warfare, allowing armies to break through fortified positions and transform battlefields.
Pike and Shot: A type of infantry warfare that utilized long pikes and firearms, popular in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Manoeuvre Warfare: A type of warfare that emphasized rapid movement and flexibility, popular among armies during the early modern period.
Naval Warfare: Warfare conducted on the oceans, seas, and other bodies of water, including ship-to-ship combat and naval blockade.
Siege Warfare: A type of military operation where troops surround and isolate a fortified town or city in order to pressure the enemy into surrender.
Cavalry Warfare: A type of warfare that emphasizes the use of mounted troops, typically used for mobility and executing flanking maneuvers.
Artillery Warfare: A type of warfare that emphasizes the use of cannons, mortars, and other heavy artillery to inflict damage on enemy forces or fortifications.
Guerilla Warfare: A type of irregular warfare that emphasizes hit-and-run raids and ambushes against larger, more conventional forces.
Fortification Warfare: A type of warfare that emphasizes the use of permanent or temporary fortifications, such as trenches, walls, or earthworks, to defend against enemy attacks.
Asymmetric Warfare: A type of warfare that involves a weaker, less-organized force using unconventional tactics to defeat or at least harass a stronger, more-organized force.
21st Century Warfare: A post-modern style of warfare that includes the introduction of drones, artificial intelligence, and cyber attacks.
"The era is also referred to as the age of gunpowder warfare, a concept introduced by Michael Roberts in the 1950s."
"The Age of Sail dominated the era's naval tactics, including the use of gunpowder in naval artillery."
"All of the Great Powers of Europe and the Islamic gunpowder empires were actively fighting numerous wars..."
"The European wars of religion between the 1520s and the 1640s, including the Thirty Years' War, the Eighty Years' War, and the Wars of the Three Kingdoms."
"The Russo-Turkish Wars, Ottoman–Habsburg wars, and other Ottoman wars in Europe."
"The Adal's conquest of Ethiopia involving the Ottomans, Mamluks, and the Portuguese."
"The Persia–Portugal war, Nader's Campaigns, the Mughal conquests, the Anglo-Mysore Wars, the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), and China's Transition from Ming to Qing followed by the Ten Great Campaigns."
"Throughout the 18th century, the 'Second Hundred Years' War' refers to a series of conflicts such as the Nine Years' War, Seven Years' War, War of the Spanish Succession, War of the Austrian Succession, American War of Independence, French Revolutionary Wars, and the Napoleonic Wars."
"The Napoleonic Wars of the late 18th to early 19th centuries marked the end of this era."
"The era is associated with the start of the widespread use of gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons, including artillery and firearms."
"The era is also referred to as the age of gunpowder warfare, a concept introduced by Michael Roberts in the 1950s."
"The Age of Sail dominated the era's naval tactics."
"All of the Great Powers of Europe and the Islamic gunpowder empires were actively fighting numerous wars..."
"The European wars of religion between the 1520s and the 1640s, including the Thirty Years' War, the Eighty Years' War, and the Wars of the Three Kingdoms."
"The Russo-Turkish Wars, Ottoman–Habsburg wars, and other Ottoman wars in Europe."
"The Adal's conquest of Ethiopia involving the Ottomans, Mamluks, and the Portuguese."
"The Persia–Portugal war, Nader's Campaigns, the Mughal conquests, the Anglo-Mysore Wars, the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), and China's Transition from Ming to Qing followed by the Ten Great Campaigns."
"Throughout the 18th century, the 'Second Hundred Years' War' refers to a series of conflicts..."
"The Napoleonic Wars of the late 18th to early 19th centuries marked the end of this era."