The study of the meteorological conditions of a region. Understanding climate and weather patterns is vital for military operations, particularly in relation to air and naval operations.
Meteorology: Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and its phenomena, primarily the weather.
Climatology: Climatology is the study of climate, including the long-term patterns of temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation in a region.
Synoptic meteorology: This is the study of weather systems and their associated forecasting techniques.
Atmospheric Chemistry: This branch of meteorology concentrates on the composition of the Earth's atmosphere as well as the chemical reactions which take place within it.
Oceanography: The study of the ocean's physical and chemical properties, circulation, and ecology, which influences the climate and weather.
Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics is concerned with the energy transfer within and between systems, such as transfers of heat between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere.
Radiative Transfer: The process of heat radiation from the Earth's surface into space, called radiative transfer, mainly affects the Earth's temperature and our climate.
Hydrology: Hydrology is the study of water in the Earth's hydrosphere, such as its distribution, movement, and quality, which can have a profound impact on climate and weather.
Geomorphology: Geomorphology is concerned with the study of the Earth's surface and its processes such as slope processes, landforms associated with glaciation and the effects of sea-level change.
Paleoclimatology: The reconstruction of past climates and weather patterns from geological and historical records such as tree rings, ice cores, sediments, and fossils.
Atmospheric Dynamics: The study of the physical movement of the air in the atmosphere which determines properties of the weather system and its variability.
Earth System Science: This is the interdisciplinary approach to the study of the Earth's complex systems and their interactions, including components such as geology, hydrology, atmosphere, and biosphere.
Remote Sensing: Remote Sensing is the process of obtaining data about an object or phenomenon on Earth's surface without contact by using various techniques including satellite, sensor technology, and geospatial sciences.
Modelling and Prediction: Modelling involves the use of computer models to simulate and understand various aspects of climate and weather, allowing for better prediction of future climate and weather events.
Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance: The ways in which climate and weather events can impact emergency response, human security, and humanitarian assistance.
Tropical climate: Characterized by high temperatures, high humidity, and rainfall, with little seasonal variation. Typically found near the equator.
Arid climate: Characterized by low rainfall, high temperatures, and sometimes high wind speeds. Found in desert regions.
Mediterranean climate: Characterized by mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. Found in areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.
Continental climate: Characterized by large seasonal temperature variations and moderate rainfall. Found in central and eastern Europe and Asia.
Tundra climate: Characterized by extremely low temperatures and little precipitation. Found in the far northern and southern regions of the world.
Polar climate: Characterized by extremely low temperatures and very little precipitation. Found in the polar regions.
Mountain climate: Characterized by cooler temperatures at higher elevations and a wide variety of precipitation patterns. Found in mountainous areas worldwide.
Monsoon climate: Characterized by seasonal winds that bring heavy rainfall during the wet season and dry weather during the dry season. Found in parts of Asia and Africa.
Marine climate: Characterized by cool, wet winters and mild summers. Found in coastal regions and islands.
Subtropical climate: Characterized by hot, humid summers and mild winters with some rainfall. Found in regions surrounding the tropics.