"Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria."
An infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can affect the lungs and other parts of the body.
Microbiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: It covers the structures, properties, and growth cycle of the bacterium.
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis: It deals with the incidence, distribution, and transmission of TB worldwide.
Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of TB: It describes how TB develops inside the human body and the changes it causes in the physiological process.
Clinical Manifestations of Tuberculosis: It includes the presentation and symptoms of TB in different parts of the body.
Diagnostic Methods for TB: It comprises the various laboratory techniques and imaging modalities used to detect TB.
Treatment of Tuberculosis: It covers the antimicrobial medications, drug regimen and duration of treatment for TB patients.
Drug Resistance in TB: It includes information about the emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their management.
Preventive measures of Tuberculosis: It involves strategies to prevent spread of TB infection and vaccine options available.
TB in Special Populations: It describes the impact of TB on high-risk groups like immigrants, refugees, and HIV-infected individuals.
Social and Economic Impact of TB: It includes the financial implications of TB, loss of workdays, and productivity.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis: This is the most common type of tuberculosis and affects the lungs. It can be either latent or active.
Miliary Tuberculosis: A rare form of tuberculosis that occurs when the bacteria from the lungs spreads throughout the body, affecting multiple organs.
Extra-pulmonary Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis that affects the parts of the body outside the lungs, such as the lymph nodes, bones, kidneys, etc.
Pleural Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis that affects the pleura, which is the lining of the lungs.
Multi-drug-resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB): A type of tuberculosis that is resistant to the two most powerful drugs used to treat it, which are isoniazid and rifampicin.
Extensively drug-resistant Tuberculosis (XDR-TB): A type of tuberculosis that is resistant to both first and second-line drugs used to treat it.
Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI): This is when the bacteria that causes tuberculosis is present in the body, but the person does not show any symptoms. It can progress to active tuberculosis if left untreated.
Bovine Tuberculosis: A type of tuberculosis that affects cows, and can be transmitted to humans through unpasteurized milk or meat.
Central Nervous System Tuberculosis (TB meningitis): A rare type of tuberculosis that affects the brain and spinal cord, and can lead to serious neurological problems.
Military Tuberculosis: A type of tuberculosis that affects the military personnel, especially those deployed in high-risk areas.
"Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body."
"Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis."
"Around 10% of latent infections progress to active disease."
"Typical symptoms of active TB are chronic cough with blood-containing mucus, fever, night sweats, and weight loss."
"It was historically referred to as consumption due to the weight loss associated with the disease."
"Tuberculosis is spread from one person to the next through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze."
"People with latent TB do not spread the disease."
"Active infection occurs more often in people with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke."
"Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X-rays, as well as microscopic examination and culture of body fluids."
"Diagnosis of Latent TB relies on the tuberculin skin test (TST) or blood tests."
"Prevention of TB involves screening those at high risk, early detection and treatment of cases, and vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine."
"Those at high risk include household, workplace, and social contacts of people with active TB."
"Treatment requires the use of multiple antibiotics over a long period of time."
"Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem, with increasing rates of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)."
"In 2018, one quarter of the world's population was thought to have a latent infection of TB."
"New infections occur in about 1% of the population each year."
"In 2020, an estimated 10 million people developed active TB, resulting in 1.5 million deaths, making it the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease after COVID-19."
"As of 2018, most TB cases occurred in the regions of South-East Asia (44%), Africa (24%), and the Western Pacific (18%)."
"By 2021, the number of new cases each year was decreasing by around 2% annually. About 80% of people in many Asian and African countries test positive, while 5–10% of people in the United States test positive via the tuberculin test."