"Examples of substances reabsorbed are solute-free water, sodium, bicarbonate, glucose, and amino acids. Examples of substances secreted are hydrogen, ammonium, potassium, and uric acid."
This topic covers the structure and functions of the kidneys, including their roles in blood filtration and urine production.
Anatomy of the Kidneys: Anatomy of the kidneys refers to the study of the structure, shape, and location of the pair of bean-shaped organs responsible for filtering waste from the blood and producing urine in the human body.
Physiology of Nephrons: Physiology of nephrons involves the understanding of the complex filtration, reabsorption, and secretion processes within the functional units of the kidneys that regulate fluid balance and waste excretion in the body.
Urine Formation: Urine formation refers to the process by which the kidneys filter blood, reabsorb necessary substances, and remove waste products to produce and excrete urine.
Renal Blood Flow: Renal blood flow refers to the volume of blood that is delivered to the kidneys per unit of time, playing a crucial role in maintaining kidney function by supplying oxygen and nutrients while removing waste products from the blood.
Acid-Base Balance: Acid-base balance refers to the proper regulation of hydrogen ion concentration in bodily fluids by the kidneys in order to maintain pH homeostasis.
Electrolyte Balance: Electrolyte balance refers to the regulation and maintenance of essential ions such as sodium, potassium, and calcium, within the body to ensure proper functioning of various physiological processes, especially in relation to kidney function.
Renal Hormones: Renal hormones are signaling molecules produced by the kidneys that regulate various physiological processes, including blood pressure, water balance, and red blood cell production.
Renal Diseases: Renal diseases encompass a range of conditions that affect the kidneys' structure and function, leading to impaired filtration, electrolyte imbalances, and potential complications throughout the body.
Renal Replacement Therapies: Renal Replacement Therapies refer to the medical interventions that artificially replace the critical functions of the kidneys, including dialysis and kidney transplantation, to treat kidney failure and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.
Pharmacology of Drugs Affecting the Kidneys: Pharmacology of drugs affecting the kidneys involves the study and analysis of drugs that impact the structure and function of the kidneys, including their role in fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation, and various renal disorders.
Gross Anatomy: The study of kidneys at the macroscopic level.
Microscopic Anatomy: The study of kidneys at the microscopic level, including the histology of renal tubules, glomeruli, and nephrons.
Comparative Anatomy: The comparative study of the kidneys of different species.
Developmental Anatomy: The study of the development of kidneys during embryonic and fetal stages.
Pathological Anatomy: The study of the structural and functional changes in the kidneys due to different diseases.
Radiological Anatomy: The study of the kidneys using X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and other imaging techniques.
Surgical Anatomy: The study of the kidneys in surgical procedures and operations.
Embryological Anatomy: The study of the embryonic development of kidneys.
Clinical Anatomy: The study of the kidneys in clinical settings and in relation to medical conditions.
Functional Anatomy: The study of the kidney's function in filtering wastes, regulating fluid balance, controlling blood pressure, and other physiological roles.
"They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space."
"Filtration occurs in the glomerulus: one-fifth of the blood volume that enters the kidneys is filtered."
"Each adult human kidney contains around 1 million nephrons."
"For example, they convert a precursor of vitamin D to its active form, calcitriol, and synthesize the hormones erythropoietin and renin."
"The global estimated prevalence of CKD is 13.4%."
"Patients with kidney failure needing renal replacement therapy are estimated between 5 and 7 million."
"Measurement of kidney function by calculating the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the serum creatinine."
"Procedures used in the management of kidney disease include chemical and microscopic examination of the urine (urinalysis), and kidney biopsy and CT scan to evaluate for abnormal anatomy."
"Dialysis and kidney transplantation are used to treat kidney failure."
"Nephrectomy is frequently used to cure renal cell carcinoma."
"Nephrology is the medical specialty which addresses diseases of kidney function."
"Urology addresses diseases of kidney (and urinary tract) anatomy, including cancer, renal cysts, kidney stones and ureteral stones, and urinary tract obstruction."
"The global estimated prevalence of CKD is 13.4%."
"Each adult human kidney contains around 1 million nephrons, while a mouse kidney contains only about 12,500 nephrons."
"For example, they convert a precursor of vitamin D to its active form, calcitriol, and synthesize the hormones erythropoietin and renin."
"Kidney biopsy and CT scan to evaluate for abnormal anatomy."
"Examples of substances reabsorbed are solute-free water, sodium, bicarbonate, glucose, and amino acids."
"Examples of substances secreted are hydrogen, ammonium, potassium, and uric acid."
"Whereas according to some opinions, 'renal' should be replaced with 'kidney' in scientific writings such as 'kidney artery,' other experts have advocated preserving the use of 'renal' as appropriate, including in 'renal artery'."