"Research is 'creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge'."
Discusses principles and guidelines that ensure the ethical conduct of research involving human subjects.
Historical background of research ethics: A study of the evolution of research ethics and the inception of ethical principles governing medical research.
Ethical principles and theories: Understanding the principles of medical research ethics, such as respect for persons, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice, and the application of ethical theories such as utilitarianism, deontological theories, and virtue ethics.
Institutional review boards (IRBs): An overview of IRBs and their role in the review and approval of medical research studies.
Informed consent: Examining the elements of informed consent, its importance in medical research, and strategies for obtaining informed consent.
Vulnerable populations in research: An exploration of ethical considerations when conducting research on vulnerable groups, including those with limited autonomy, minors, pregnant women, and prisoners.
Data management and confidentiality: An examination of the ethical issues surrounding the collection, storage, dissemination, and use of data in medical research.
Conflict of interest: Understanding types of conflicts of interest in medical research and identifying strategies for preventing such conflicts.
Research misconduct: An overview of research misconduct, including plagiarism, fabrication, falsification, and other forms of unethical behavior in research.
Ethical challenges in clinical trials: An exploration of ethical challenges encountered in clinical trials, including placebo-controlled trials, randomization, and the use of stratification.
Global ethics: Exploring ethical considerations when conducting research in different cultural contexts and examining the role of international organizations in promoting global research ethics legislation.
Informed Consent: Researchers are required to get the informed consent of participants, meaning the participants should fully understand the research project's goals, risks, and benefits before agreeing to participate.
Confidentiality: This involves protecting the participant's identity and data by keeping it confidential and secure. Researchers must ensure that private information is not disclosed to unauthorized parties.
Privacy: Participants should feel safe and secure during the research. Their privacy should be respected, and personal or medical information should not be divulged without their permission.
Non-Discrimination: All potential participants should be given an equal chance to participate in the study without any sort of bias, like age, ethnicity, gender, or socioeconomic status.
Research Misconduct: Any unethical, fraudulent, or inappropriate behavior or practice that is performed during the research process is considered research misconduct. It includes fabrication, plagiarism, and falsification of data.
Ethical Guidelines: There are ethical guidelines that researchers must follow to ensure that the research is conducted safely and ethically. Guidelines can be set up by various organizations, including the World Medical Association, the National Institutes of Health, and professional societies.
Cultural Sensitivity: It is essential to be sensitive to cultural practices and beliefs that may differ from ours while conducting research. Researchers should not impose their views or values on participants.
Risk-Benefit Analysis: Before the research starts, a risk-benefit analysis must be performed. Researchers should weigh the potential risks and benefits of the research and evaluate whether the benefits outweigh the harm.
Occupational Health and Safety: Researchers must ensure the participants' safety, whether it be through providing safety equipment or a safe environment for the study.
Confidentiality of Results: Researchers must protect not only the participant's identity and personal information but also their research results. Any unauthorized access could potentially cause harm to the participant or the research itself.
"It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error."
"A research project may be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole."
"The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, and the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge."
"Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences."
"There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc."
"The scientific study of research practices is known as meta-research."
"A researcher is a person engaged in conducting research, possibly recognized as an occupation by a formal job title."
"In order to be a social researcher or social scientist, one should have enormous knowledge of subject related to social science that they are specialized in."
"Similarly, in order to be a natural science researcher, the person should have knowledge on field related to natural science (physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, zoology and so on)."
"To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole."
"...the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge."
"It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic."
"It involves a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error."
"There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc."
"Research is 'creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge'."
"A research project may be an expansion on past work in the field."
"The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, and the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge."
"The scientific study of research practices is known as meta-research."
"A researcher is a person engaged in conducting research, possibly recognized as an occupation by a formal job title."