"An emerging infectious disease (EID) is an infectious disease whose incidence has increased recently (in the past 20 years), and could increase in the near future."
Newly identified infections, such as COVID-19, SARS, and Ebola.
Epidemiology: The study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations, including the patterns and trends of Emerging infectious diseases.
Virology: The study of viruses, including their genetics, replication, interaction with host cells, zoonotic potential and vaccine development.
Microbiology: The study of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and parasites that cause infectious diseases.
Immunology: The study of the immune system and its role in fighting infectious disease, including vaccine development and immune response to Emerging infectious diseases.
Public Health: The study of strategies to prevent and control outbreaks of Emerging infectious diseases, including surveillance systems, outbreak investigations, and response planning.
Global Health: The study of Emerging infectious diseases in different populations and regions of the world, including cultural, socioeconomic, and political factors that impact disease transmission.
Zoonosis: The study of infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans, including the risk of new Emerging infectious diseases jumping species barriers.
One Health: A collaborative approach between human, animal, and environmental health professionals to address Emerging infectious diseases that impact all three sectors.
Antimicrobial Resistance: The study of the ability of microorganisms to resist antimicrobial drugs and potential consequences for the treatment of Emerging infectious diseases.
Pathogenesis: The study of the mechanisms by which infectious agents cause disease in humans and animals, including virulence factors and immune response.
Emerging infectious diseases in specific regions or populations: Studying Emerging infectious diseases in specific regions or populations enables an in-depth understanding of the unique factors that impact disease transmission.
Biosecurity: The measures taken to prevent the release of infectious agents from laboratories, farms, and other facilities and prevent their spread.
Biosafety: The measures taken to protect laboratory workers and the public from exposure to infectious agents while conducting research.
Epidemiological modeling: The process of creating mathematical models to predict the spread of infectious diseases, estimate population impacts and inform public health policy and response.
COVID-19: A contagious respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus that emerged in China in 2019 and has since become a global pandemic.
Zika virus: An infectious disease that is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes fever, rash, and joint pain, and can also cause serious birth defects in babies born to infected mothers.
Ebola: A severe and often fatal disease caused by the Ebola virus, which is spread through infected bodily fluids or contact with infected animals.
H1N1 (Swine flu): A respiratory disease caused by a type of influenza virus that is found in pigs and can be transmitted to humans, causing mild to severe illness.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): A viral respiratory illness caused by the SARS coronavirus. It was first reported in Asia in 2003 and spread quickly to other parts of the world.
Avian influenza (Bird flu): An infectious disease caused by a strain of influenza virus that is found primarily in birds but can also infect humans, causing severe respiratory illness.
Lyme disease: A bacterial infection spread by ticks that causes fever, fatigue, joint pain, and sometimes neurological symptoms.
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS): A viral respiratory illness caused by the MERS coronavirus. It was first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and has since spread to other countries in the Middle East.
West Nile virus: A viral infection spread by mosquitoes that can cause fever, headache, and other flu-like symptoms, and in severe cases, can lead to neurological damage.
Chikungunya: A viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes that causes fever, joint pain, and other flu-like symptoms, and can sometimes result in long-term joint pain and disability.
"EIDs have been increasing steadily since at least 1940."
"Human activity is the primary driver of this increase, with loss of biodiversity a leading mechanism."
"Emerging infections account for at least 12% of all human pathogens."
"EIDs can be caused by newly identified microbes, including novel species or strains of virus (e.g. novel coronaviruses, ebolaviruses, HIV)."
"Some EIDs evolve from a known pathogen, as occurs with new strains of influenza."
"EIDs may also result from the spread of an existing disease to a new population in a different geographic region, as occurs with West Nile fever outbreaks."
"Some known diseases can also emerge in areas undergoing ecologic transformation (as in the case of Lyme disease). Others can experience a resurgence as a re-emerging infectious disease, like tuberculosis (following drug resistance) or measles."
"Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, are emerging in hospitals and are extremely problematic in that they are resistant to many antibiotics."
"Of growing concern are adverse synergistic interactions between emerging diseases and other infectious and non-infectious conditions leading to the development of novel syndemics."
"For instance, most emergent viruses are zoonotic (whereas other novel viruses may have been circulating in the species without being recognized, as occurred with hepatitis C)."
"EIDs are zoonotic, deriving from pathogens present in animals, with only occasional cross-species transmission into human populations."
"...novel coronaviruses, ebolaviruses, HIV."
"Some known diseases can also emerge in areas undergoing ecologic transformation (as in the case of Lyme disease)."
"Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, are emerging in hospitals and are extremely problematic in that they are resistant to many antibiotics."
"Of growing concern are adverse synergistic interactions between emerging diseases and other infectious and non-infectious conditions leading to the development of novel syndemics."
"EIDs have been increasing steadily since at least 1940."
"Human activity is the primary driver of this increase, with loss of biodiversity a leading mechanism."
"Their many impacts can be economic and societal, as well as clinical."
"Some known diseases can also emerge in areas undergoing ecologic transformation (as in the case of Lyme disease)."