- "Pharmacology is a branch of medicine, biology, and pharmaceutical sciences concerned with drug or medication action." - "Pharmacology is the science of drugs including their origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic use, and toxicology." - "The field encompasses drug composition and properties, functions, sources, synthesis and drug design, molecular and cellular mechanisms, organ/systems mechanisms, signal transduction/cellular communication, molecular diagnostics, interactions, chemical biology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities."
The study of drugs and their effects on the body.
Anatomy and Physiology: Understanding the structure and function of the human body is important in understanding how drugs interact with different organs and systems.
Pharmacodynamics: This is the study of how drugs interact with the body at the molecular, cellular, and organ level.
Pharmacokinetics: This is the study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body.
Drug interactions: Understanding how different drugs interact with each other is important in avoiding harmful side effects.
Drug development and regulation: Understanding the process of drug development and regulation is important in evaluating the safety and efficacy of different drugs.
Pharmacogenomics: This is the study of how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs.
Drug delivery systems: Understanding the different methods of drug delivery (oral, intravenous, topical, etc.) is important in determining the appropriate route of administration for a given drug.
Adverse drug reactions: Understanding how to identify and manage adverse drug reactions is important in minimizing harm to patients.
Drug abuse and addiction: Understanding the risks associated with drug abuse and addiction is important in promoting responsible prescribing and patient education.
Alternative and complementary therapies: Understanding the potential benefits and risks associated with alternative and complementary therapies is important in integrating them into patient care when appropriate.
Clinical Pharmacology: Clinical pharmacology is the study of drugs in humans. It involves the investigation of the pharmacokinetics (the way drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body) and pharmacodynamics (the study of the effects of drugs on the body) of drugs.
Neuropharmacology: This field of pharmacology deals with the study of drugs that affect the nervous system. It includes the study of drugs that affect neurotransmission, neuronal signaling, and neuropathology.
Cardiovascular Pharmacology: Cardiovascular pharmacology is the study of drugs that affect the heart and blood vessels. It includes the study of drugs used to treat hypertension, angina, heart failure, and vascular disease.
Psychopharmacology: Psychopharmacology is the study of drugs that affect the cognitive and behavioral functions of the brain. It includes the study of drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia.
Toxicology: Toxicology is the study of the toxic effects of drugs and chemicals on living organisms. It involves the investigation of the mechanism of toxicity and the development of antidotes and treatments for poisonings.
Immunopharmacology: Immunopharmacology is the study of drugs that affect the immune system. It includes the investigation of drugs used to treat autoimmune disorders, organ transplant rejection, and cancer.
Pharmacogenetics: Pharmacogenetics is the study of the genetic determinants of drug response. It involves the investigation of how genetic variations can affect drug metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity.
Endocrine Pharmacology: Endocrine pharmacology is the study of drugs that affect the endocrine system. It includes the investigation of drugs used to treat hormonal disorders such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, and reproductive disorders.
Pharmacoeconomics: Pharmacoeconomics is the study of the economic aspects of drug therapy. It involves the investigation of the cost-effectiveness and value of drugs and healthcare interventions.
Pharmacognosy: Pharmacognosy is the study of the medicinal properties of natural products derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms. It includes the investigation of the chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology of natural products.
Ethnopharmacology: Ethnopharmacology is the study of the traditional use of medicinal plants by indigenous cultures. It involves the investigation of the cultural and historical significance of plants and the identification of potential new drugs.
Veterinary Pharmacology: Veterinary pharmacology is the study of drugs used in veterinary medicine. It includes the investigation of drugs used to treat animals for various diseases and conditions.
Pharmacoepidemiology: Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of the effects of drugs in large populations. It involves the investigation of drug safety and efficacy in real-world settings.
Biopharmaceutics: Biopharmaceutics is the study of the factors that affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs. It involves the investigation of drug delivery systems and the optimization of drug therapy.
Molecular Pharmacology: Molecular pharmacology is the study of the interactions between drugs and specific target molecules in the body. It involves the investigation of the molecular mechanisms of drug action and the development of new drugs.
Analytical Pharmacology: Analytical pharmacology is the study of the quantitative measurement of drugs in biological samples. It involves the development of analytical methods for the detection and quantification of drugs.
Pharmacometrics: Pharmacometrics is the study of the quantitative modeling of drug response. It involves the investigation of the relationship between drug exposure, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and clinical outcomes.
Experimental Pharmacology: Experimental pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs in laboratory animals. It includes the investigation of drug toxicity, efficacy, and mechanism of action.
Environmental Pharmacology: Environmental pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs and chemicals on the environment. It involves the investigation of the impact of drug residues on ecosystems and biodiversity.
Oncology Pharmacology: Oncology pharmacology is the study of drugs used in the treatment of cancer. It involves the investigation of the mechanism of action and efficacy of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy.
- "A drug may be defined as any artificial, natural, or endogenous (from within the body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism." - "Sometimes the word pharmacon is used as a term to encompass these endogenous and exogenous bioactive species."
- "It is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function." - "Pharmacodynamics studies the effects of a drug on biological systems, and pharmacokinetics studies the effects of biological systems on a drug."
- "Pharmacology, a biomedical science, deals with the research, discovery, and characterization of chemicals which show biological effects and the elucidation of cellular and organismal function in relation to these chemicals." - "In contrast, pharmacy, a health services profession, is concerned with the application of the principles learned from pharmacology in its clinical settings."
- "The two main areas of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics." - "Pharmacodynamics discusses the chemicals with biological receptors, and pharmacokinetics discusses the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of chemicals from the biological systems."
- "Pharmacodynamics studies the effects of a drug on biological systems." - "Pharmacodynamics discusses the chemicals with biological receptors."
- "Pharmacokinetics studies the effects of biological systems on a drug." - "Pharmacokinetics discusses the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of chemicals from the biological systems."
- "Pharmacy... is concerned with the application of the principles learned from pharmacology in its clinical settings." - "Whether it be in a dispensing or clinical care role."
- "The primary contrast between the two is their distinctions between direct-patient care, pharmacy practice, and the science-oriented research field, driven by pharmacology." - "Pharmacy, a health services profession, is concerned with the application of the principles learned from pharmacology in its clinical settings."
- "Pharmacology is concerned with the research, discovery, and characterization of chemicals which show biological effects and the elucidation of cellular and organismal function in relation to these chemicals."
- "The field encompasses drug composition and properties, functions, sources, synthesis and drug design, molecular and cellular mechanisms, organ/systems mechanisms, signal transduction/cellular communication, molecular diagnostics, interactions, chemical biology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities."
- "Pharmacokinetics discusses the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of chemicals from the biological systems."
- "A drug may be defined as any artificial, natural, or endogenous (from within the body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism."
- "Pharmacology is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function."
- "Pharmacology is the science of drugs including their origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic use, and toxicology."
- "Pharmacodynamics studies the effects of a drug on biological systems."
- "Pharmacokinetics studies the effects of biological systems on a drug."
- "Pharmacology deals with the research, discovery, and characterization of chemicals which show biological effects and the elucidation of cellular and organismal function in relation to these chemicals."
- "If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals."
- "Pharmacy... is concerned with the application of the principles learned from pharmacology in its clinical settings."