- "Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is any disease involving the heart or blood vessels."
Overview of various cardiovascular diseases like hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmia, heart failure, and their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Anatomy and Physiology of the cardiovascular system: This includes a study of the heart, blood vessels, and the processes of circulation.
Pathology of cardiovascular diseases: This involves the study of how cardiovascular diseases develop, the various factors that contribute to their development, and their impact on the body.
Risk factors: This includes the discussion of the various factors that can increase an individual's risk of developing heart diseases, such as diabetes, high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, etc.
Diagnostic tests and procedures: This is the study of the various tests and procedures that doctors use to diagnose cardiovascular diseases, such as ECG, Echo, Angiography, Stress tests, etc.
Treatment options for cardiovascular diseases: It includes the study of different treatment options such as medications, surgery, and lifestyle modifications like exercise, diet, and quitting smoking.
Prevention of cardiovascular diseases: This includes the discussion of the various steps individuals can take to reduce their risk of developing cardiovascular diseases like adopting a healthy lifestyle, controlling risk factors, regular checkups, and screenings.
Hypertension: It is a condition of prolonged elevation in blood pressure that can significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. It requires proper management with medications and lifestyle modifications.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): It is the most common cause of cardiovascular disease, in which the arteries supplying the heart muscle become narrowed, eventually leading to angina or heart attack.
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF): It is a condition where the heart cannot pump blood efficiently, leading to fluid accumulation in different organs causing breathlessness, fatigue, and swelling.
Arrhythmias: It is the abnormality of heart rhythm, leading to a disturbance of blood flow, and can cause symptoms like palpitations, dizziness, and shortness of breath.
Valvular Heart Disease: It affects the heart valves leading to improper function, which can cause regurgitation, stenosis, or prolapse.
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD): It refers to the blockage or narrowing of blood vessels outside the heart, which cause reduced blood supply and oxygenation to the tissues leading to pain and ulcer.
Stroke: It is a condition in which blood supply to the brain is compromised due to a clot or bleeding, leading to paralysis or death.
Lifestyle Modifications: It includes diet, exercise, and quitting smoking, which significantly lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases and improve their management.
Management of Lipid Disorders: It involves the management of high blood cholesterol levels, which can increase the risk of various cardiovascular diseases.
Aortic Aneurysm: An aortic aneurysm is an enlargement in the wall of the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body.
Arrhythmia: Arrhythmia refers to a heart rhythm that is irregular, too fast, or too slow, which can lead to various symptoms including dizziness, racing heart, or fainting.
Atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis is the narrowing and hardening of arteries over time, often caused by a build-up of fatty deposits.
Cardiomyopathy: Cardiomyopathy is a heart muscle disease that can lead to heart failure or other complications.
Congenital heart disease: This is a type of heart disease that is present from birth, caused by a structural abnormality in the heart.
Coronary artery disease: Coronary artery disease refers to a buildup of plaque in the arteries that supply blood to the heart, which can lead to heart attack or other complications.
Heart attack: A heart attack occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, leading to damage or death of heart muscle tissue.
Heart failure: Heart failure occurs when the heart is no longer able to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and other complications.
Hypertension: Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a condition in which the force of blood against the walls of the arteries is consistently elevated, which can put extra strain on the heart.
Mitral valve prolapse: Mitral valve prolapse occurs when one of the heart's valves does not close properly, which can lead to various symptoms including chest pain, palpitations, or shortness of breath.
Pericardial disease: Pericardial disease refers to inflammation or other abnormalities in the sac surrounding the heart.
Peripheral arterial disease: Peripheral arterial disease refers to a narrowing of the arteries that supply blood to the legs, arms, or other non-essential organs.
Rheumatic heart disease: Rheumatic heart disease is a complication of rheumatic fever, which is caused by an untreated streptococcal infection.
Stroke: Stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is disrupted, leading to damage or death of brain tissue.
- "CVDs constitute a class of diseases that includes: coronary artery diseases (e.g. angina, heart attack), stroke, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, abnormal heart rhythms, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, and venous thrombosis."
- "This may be caused by high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes mellitus, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption, and poor sleep, among other things."
- "It is estimated that dietary risk factors are associated with 53% of CVD deaths."
- "Coronary artery disease and stroke account for 80% of CVD deaths in males and 75% of CVD deaths in females."
- "High blood pressure is estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths."
- "In the United States, 11% of people between 20 and 40 have CVD, while 37% between 40 and 60, 71% of people between 60 and 80, and 85% of people over 80 have CVD."
- "The average age of death from coronary artery disease in the developed world is around 80."
- "Deaths, at a given age, from CVD are more common and have been increasing in much of the developing world, while rates have declined in most of the developed world since the 1970s."
- "It is estimated that up to 90% of CVD may be preventable."
- "Prevention of CVD involves improving risk factors through: healthy eating, exercise, avoidance of tobacco smoke, and limiting alcohol intake."
- "Treating risk factors, such as high blood pressure, blood lipids, and diabetes, is also beneficial."
- "Rheumatic heart disease may follow untreated strep throat."
- "The use of aspirin in people who are otherwise healthy is of unclear benefit."
- "Together CVD resulted in 17.9 million deaths (32.1%) in 2015, up from 12.3 million (25.8%) in 1990."
- "Tobacco accounts for 9% of CVD deaths."
- "Most cardiovascular disease affects older adults."
- "Lack of exercise accounts for 6% of CVD deaths."
- "Coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease involve atherosclerosis."
- "Diabetes accounts for 6% of CVD deaths."